Identification of enteric viruses circulating in a dog population with low vaccine coverage

Abstract

Although the use of vaccines has controlled enteric diseases in dogs in many developed countries, vaccine coverage is still under optimal situation in Brazil. There is a large population of nonimmunized dogs and few studies about the identification of the viruses associated with diarrhea. To address this situation, stool samples from 325 dogs were analyzed by polymerase chain reaction for the detection of common enteric viruses such as Canine adenovirus (CAdV), Canine coronavirus (CCoV), Canine distemper virus (CDV), Canine rotavirus (CRV) and Carnivorous protoparvovirus 1 (canine parvovirus 2; CPV-2). At least one of these species was detected in 56.6% (184/325) of the samples. The viruses detected most frequently in either diarrheic or nondiarrheic dog feces were CPV-2 (54.3% of the positive samples), CDV (45.1%) and CCoV (30.4%), followed by CRV (8.2%) and CAdV (4.9%). Only one agent was detected in the majority of the positive samples (63%), but co-infections were present in 37% of the positive samples and mainly included CDV and CPV-2. The data presented herein can improve the clinical knowledge in regions with low vaccine coverage and highlight the need to improve the methods used to control these infectious diseases in domestic dogs.

Molecular and serological surveys of canine distemper virus: A meta-analysis of cross-sectional studies

“…The age range of these animals was considerably heterogeneous, ranging from 40 days to 18 years. In some studies, the mean age was 34.5 months (±41.2) [30,42–44]. Regarding the general age profile of the animals, only a few authors specified this profile in detail.…”

Lifestyle as Risk Factor for Infectious Causes of Death in Young Dogs: A Retrospective Study in Southern Italy (2015–2017)

“…Eleni and colleagues in Central-South Italy demonstrated that CPV was the main causative agent of death in dogs under 1 year of age [27]. Other studies in diarrheic dogs showed lower prevalence of this virus, with a range from the 16% up to 54.3% [10,51,52]. CPV is characterised by high morbidity (100%) and mortality (up to 91%) [53]; thus, it is likely that the inclusion criteria of living dogs could be the main cause of difference with the other studies [10], making it challenging to compare the results.…”

Recommendations on vaccination for Latin American small animal practitioners: a report of the WSAVA Vaccination Guidelines Group

“…Most of the dogs in that study were reportedly vaccinated against CDV, but had likely not received a full course of vaccination (Calderon et al 2007) [EB1]. Other studies confirm that CDV is present in Brazil (Budaszewski et al 2014, Monteiro et al 2016, Alves et al 2018), Chile (Acosta-Jamett et al 2011, Colombia (Espinal et al 2014), Cuba (González-Chávez et al 2017), Ecuador (DiGangi et al 2019 including the Galápagos Islands (Levy et al 2008 (Gizzi et al 2014) [EB1]. Other studies show that CPV2 is present in Argentina (Calderón et al 2011(Calderón et al , 2015, Brazil (Alves et al 2018, Headley et al 2018, Chile (Acosta-Jamett et al 2015), Colombia (Duque-García et al 2017), Cuba (Pino-Rodríguez et al 2018), Ecuador (Levy et al 2008, Aldaz et al 2013, De la Torre et al 2018, DiGangi et al 2019, Mexico (Ortega et al 2017) and Uruguay (Pérez et al 2007, Puentes et al 2012, Maya et al 2013 [EB1].…”