Identification of foot-and-mouth disease virus replication in vaccinated cattle by antibodies to non-structural virus proteins

A Safe Foot-and-Mouth Disease Vaccine Platform with Two Negative Markers for Differentiating Infected from Vaccinated Animals

“…The viral genome consists of 8,500 nucleotides of a single-stranded positive-sense RNA protected by an icosahedral capsid containing 60 copies of each of the four structural proteins (18). FMDV is translated as a single polyprotein that is posttranslationally cleaved to produce partial and full cleavage products resulting in four structural proteins (VP1, VP2, VP3, and VP4) and 10 nonstructural proteins (L pro , 2A, 2B, 2C, 3A, 3B [1][2][3] , 3C pro , and 3D pol ). FMD control is largely based on the FMD status of a geographical region.…”

“…Since vaccine antigens consisting of killed virus do not replicate or induce anti-bodies against NSPs, anti-NSP antibodies have often been used as markers of infection. The highly conserved FMDV 3D polymerase (3D pol ) has been long identified as the main determinant of infection and has been called the FMDV infection-associated antigen (3,4,12,27,46). Interestingly, studies by Newman and Brown (30,31) suggested that FMDV purified 140S particle preparations contain small quantities of 3D pol and therefore could account for seroconversion to 3D pol in animals that have received multiple doses of inactivated FMD vaccines.…”

Development of a Peptide-Based Immunochromatographic Strip for Differentiation of Serotype OFoot-and-Mouth Disease Virus—Infected Pigs from Vaccinated Pigs

“…7 In such endemic areas, it is important to identify animals, whether vaccinated or not, in which replication of Footand-mouth disease virus (FMDV; order Picornavirales, family Picornaviridae, genus Aphthovirus) has taken place to eliminate potentially infective animals. 2,3,11 Recently, a number of in-house and commercial tests to identify infection within vaccinated livestock (i.e., the presence of viral carrier animals) were developed and evaluated. 4,10,12 These methods are theoretically based on the assumption that semi-purified, inactivated FMDV vaccines mainly consist of capsid (structural) proteins, and so they are less likely to elicit production of antibodies against nonstructural proteins (NSP).…”

Differentiation of Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus-Infected Pigs from Vaccinated Pigs using a Western Blotting Assay Based on Baculovirus-Expressed Nonstructural Proteins 2C and 3D

“…Upon FMDV infection, both structural and nonstructural antigens induce antibodies in infected animals [1,9,16,19]. In contrast, vaccines consist of semi-purified and chemically inactivated virus and elicit antibodies principally only to structural proteins.…”

“…In contrast, vaccines consist of semi-purified and chemically inactivated virus and elicit antibodies principally only to structural proteins. Many groups of researchers have made efforts to identify antibodies to the NSPs that could provide a more reliable indicator of infection [1,2,9,11,16,19]. It has been concluded that animals that have recovered from FMD could be identified by the presence of antibodies to NSPs.…”