Abstract:The aim of this study was to identify the chemical structure of the photodegradation products of furosemide in a water-acetonitrile mixture (1 : 1). Furosemide solution was irradiated with a D65 fluorescent lamp and the products were isolated by preparative HPLC. The fractions were evaporated to dryness in vacuo. The purity of the photodegradation products was measured by HPLC. The purity of products 1, 3, and 4 was greater than 90%, whereas that of product 2 was 13%, therefore, photodegradation product 2 was … Show more
“…Table 3 summarizes of these degradation studies, showing the various furosemide breakdown products that have been previously reported. It is interesting to note the 249 m/z species that we observed in our degradation experiments has also been reported earlier by [34, 35]. Fig.…”
Section: Resultssupporting
confidence: 88%
“…9a shows a summary of the degradation scheme of furosemide by SBP, with the proposed structure of the 249 m/z intermediate. A number of research groups have shown that furosemide can be degraded into smaller breakdown products by various other remediation approaches, including photodegradation [34, 35], electro-Fenton and bioremediation [36]. Table 3 summarizes of these degradation studies, showing the various furosemide breakdown products that have been previously reported.…”
BackgroundThe presence of a wide range of bioactive organic pollutants in wastewater and municipal water sources is raising concerns about their potential effects on humans. Not surprisingly, various approaches are being explored that can efficiently degrade these persistent organic pollutants. Use of peroxidases has recently been recognized as a novel remediation approach that may have potential advantages over conventional degradation techniques. However, testing the abilities of different peroxidases to degrade diverse emerging pollutants is tedious and cumbersome.ResultsIn the present study, we present a rapid and robust approach to easily test the degradability of 21 different emerging pollutants by five different peroxidases (soybean peroxidase, chloroperoxidase, lactoperoxidase, manganese peroxidase, and horseradish peroxidase) using an LC-MSMS approach. Furthermore, this approach was also used to examine the role of a redox mediator in these enzymatic degradation assays. Our results show that some of the organic pollutants can be easily degraded by all five of the peroxidases tested, whereas others are only degraded by a specific peroxidase (or when a redox mediator was present) and there are some that are completely resistant to degradation by any of the peroxidases tested (even in the presence of a redox mediator). The degradation of furosemide and trimethoprim by soybean peroxidase and chloroperoxidase, respectively, was investigated in detail by examining the transformation products generated during their degradation. Some of the products generated during enzymatic breakdown of these pollutants have been previously reported by others, however, we report many new transformation products.ConclusionsLC-MSMS approaches, like the one described here, can be used to rapidly evaluate the potential of different peroxidases (and redox requirements) to be used as bioremediation agents. Our preliminary result shows peroxidases hold tremendous potential for being used in a final wastewater treatment step.
“…Table 3 summarizes of these degradation studies, showing the various furosemide breakdown products that have been previously reported. It is interesting to note the 249 m/z species that we observed in our degradation experiments has also been reported earlier by [34, 35]. Fig.…”
Section: Resultssupporting
confidence: 88%
“…9a shows a summary of the degradation scheme of furosemide by SBP, with the proposed structure of the 249 m/z intermediate. A number of research groups have shown that furosemide can be degraded into smaller breakdown products by various other remediation approaches, including photodegradation [34, 35], electro-Fenton and bioremediation [36]. Table 3 summarizes of these degradation studies, showing the various furosemide breakdown products that have been previously reported.…”
BackgroundThe presence of a wide range of bioactive organic pollutants in wastewater and municipal water sources is raising concerns about their potential effects on humans. Not surprisingly, various approaches are being explored that can efficiently degrade these persistent organic pollutants. Use of peroxidases has recently been recognized as a novel remediation approach that may have potential advantages over conventional degradation techniques. However, testing the abilities of different peroxidases to degrade diverse emerging pollutants is tedious and cumbersome.ResultsIn the present study, we present a rapid and robust approach to easily test the degradability of 21 different emerging pollutants by five different peroxidases (soybean peroxidase, chloroperoxidase, lactoperoxidase, manganese peroxidase, and horseradish peroxidase) using an LC-MSMS approach. Furthermore, this approach was also used to examine the role of a redox mediator in these enzymatic degradation assays. Our results show that some of the organic pollutants can be easily degraded by all five of the peroxidases tested, whereas others are only degraded by a specific peroxidase (or when a redox mediator was present) and there are some that are completely resistant to degradation by any of the peroxidases tested (even in the presence of a redox mediator). The degradation of furosemide and trimethoprim by soybean peroxidase and chloroperoxidase, respectively, was investigated in detail by examining the transformation products generated during their degradation. Some of the products generated during enzymatic breakdown of these pollutants have been previously reported by others, however, we report many new transformation products.ConclusionsLC-MSMS approaches, like the one described here, can be used to rapidly evaluate the potential of different peroxidases (and redox requirements) to be used as bioremediation agents. Our preliminary result shows peroxidases hold tremendous potential for being used in a final wastewater treatment step.
“…A previous study identified the component as CSA by LC-MS and NMR. 12) These results also suggested that the yellow compound was CSA and hydrolysis of furosemide was accelerated by exposure to air flow.…”
We observed that uncoated furosemide tablets turned yellow in a light-shielded automatic packaging machine and discoloration of the furosemide tablets was heterogeneity and occurred on the surface of the tablets only. The machine was equipped with an internal blower to maintain a constant temperature. Therefore, we investigated the effect of air flow on the discoloration of the furosemide tablets using a blower in a dark environment. The color difference (ΔE) of the furosemide tablets increased linearly as the blowing time increased. We performed structural analysis of the yellow compound in the furosemide tablets by LC-MS and identified the compound as a hydrolysate of furosemide. This suggested that furosemide hydrolysis was accelerated by the air flow. The furosemide tablets were prepared with the most stable furosemide polymorph, form I. X-Ray powder diffractometry and IR spectroscopy showed that during tablet preparation, no crystal transition occurred to an unstable furosemide polymorph. Furthermore, IR spectroscopy showed that the crystal form of furosemide in the yellow portion of the tablets was form I. To elucidate the factors producing the discoloration, we investigated the effect of humidity and atmosphere (air, oxygen, and nitrogen) on the discoloration of the furosemide tablets. The results suggested that the discoloration of the furosemide tablets was accelerated by oxidation, although humidity did not affect the hydrolysis. Therefore, we concluded that the discoloration of the furosemide tablets in the automatic packing machine was caused by acceleration of oxidative degradation by air flow.
“…Minor quantities of furfuryl alcohol, levulinic acid and anthranilic acid altogether < 2% were detected. In the oxidation mode, methyl group attached to furan group was bifurcated while in reduction mode, dechlorination occurs [28][29][30][31] . The catalysis by ZnO nanoparticles is brought about in the enhanced production of electron hole pair during irradiation which in presence of…”
Metal oxide nanoparticles have taken a broad area of intense research because of their unique properties and application in diversified fields. Zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles show varied morphologies and significant activities especially after doped with different metals. In this work, ZnO nanoparticles, Selenium dioxide (SeO2) doped Zinc oxide nanoparticles and Silicon dioxide (SiO2) doped Zinc oxide nanoparticles are synthesised by sol-gel method. The dopant effect on ZnO for band gap energy, crystal size and morphology are investigated by analysing the UV-DRS, powder X-ray diffraction and FESEM measurements respectively. The photocatalytic activities of these synthesised nanoparticles are compared by subjecting them into degradation of drug Lasix (furosemide) under UV and Solar irradiation sources. The progress of drug degradation is studied by measuring absorbance versus time interval at constant wavelength (325 nm) of the drug. The rate coefficient values found in this oxidative (H2O2) and reductive (NaBH4) catalytic degradation process of the drug is found efficient in solar irradiations. The results of characterisation studies and the order of photocatalytic activities of the nanoparticles are discussed.
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