“…These markers have been investigated using in vitro and in vivo early carcinogenesis models, and were found to be key to the pathogenesis of NSCLC, both adenocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma. The markers chosen relate to cell adhesion and extracellular matrix interactions (CASK, CD51 (8), EpCAM (9), SPP1 (10)), inflammation (CXCR2 (11)), growth factors and effector pathways (IGF-1R(12), IGFBP3 (13), insulin receptor (14), pIGF-1R, pEGFR (15, 16)), growth and metabolism (pAkt (17, 18), pSrc (19), pmTor (18), pAMPK (20), pS6 (17), SFN (21), UBE2C), and DNA replication and repair (FEN1, MCM2, MCM6, TPX2 (21, 22)). We then aimed to investigate these biomarkers in early stage lung cancer and to gain a better understanding of the cellular and molecular processes that drive lung carcinogenesis.…”