Identification of Gonadulin and Insulin-Like Growth Factor From Migratory Locusts and Their Importance in Reproduction in Locusta migratoria

Veenstra, Jan A.; Leyria, Jimena; Orchard, Ian; Lange, Angela B.

doi:10.3389/fendo.2021.693068

Cited by 18 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 52 publications

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“…Based on the investigated transcriptomes and genomes, we further confirmed the absence of allatostatin a , corazonin , insect kinins , and allatostatin ccc genes in tenebrionids. Moreover, we could not identify the recently described genes for smyamide , a paralog of sifamide , gonadulin , and carausius-like neuropeptide . , …”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 80%

Neuropeptidomes of Tenebrio molitor L. and Zophobas atratus Fab. (Coleoptera, Polyphaga: Tenebrionidae)

2022

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Neuropeptides are signaling molecules that regulate almost all physiological processes in animals. Around 50 different genes for neuropeptides have been described in insects. In Coleoptera , which is the largest insect order based on numbers of described species, knowledge about neuropeptides and protein hormones is still limited to a few species. Here, we analyze the neuropeptidomes of two closely related tenebrionid beetles: Tenebrio molitor and Zophobas atratus —both of which are model species in physiological and pharmacological research. We combined transcriptomic and mass spectrometry analyses of the central nervous system to identify neuropeptides and neuropeptide-like and protein hormones. Several precursors were identified in T. molitor and Z. atratus , of which 50 and 40, respectively, were confirmed by mass spectrometry. This study provides the basis for further functional studies of neuropeptides as well as for the design of environmentally friendly and species-specific peptidomimetics to be used as biopesticides. Furthermore, since T. molitor has become accepted by the European Food Safety Authority as a novel food, a deeper knowledge of the neuropeptidome of this species will prove useful for optimizing production programs at an industrial scale.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 80%

Neuropeptidomes of Tenebrio molitor L. and Zophobas atratus Fab. (Coleoptera, Polyphaga: Tenebrionidae)

2022

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“…This scheme raises the question as to how the functions of these two receptors activated by IGF might differ. IGF and the Drosophila irps stimulate growth, the echinoderm GSS stimulates oocyte maturation and ovulation ( Mita et al, 2009 ), relaxin and INSL3 affet various developmental and reproductive processes ( Ivell et al, 2020 ; Esteban-Lopez & Agoulnik, 2020 ), gonadulin is expressed by the gonads as well as the imaginal discs in flies ( Garelli et al, 2012 ; Liao & Nässel, 2020 ; Veenstra, 2020b ; Veenstra et al, 2021 ), and dilp7 is expressed in a sex specific manner ( Miguel-Aliaga, Thor & Gould, 2008 ; Yang et al, 2008 ; Castellanos, Tang & Allan, 2013 ). These hormones stimulate growth, development and reproduction, processes that are intimately linked; without growth and development reproduction is impossible and growth without reproduction is useless in sexually reproducing species.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ambulacrarian insulin-related peptides and their putative receptors suggest how insulin and similar peptides may have evolved from insulin-like growth factor

Veenstra

2021

PeerJ

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Background Some insulin/IGF-related peptides (irps) stimulate a receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) that transfers the extracellular hormonal signal into an intracellular response. Other irps, such as relaxin, do not use an RTK, but a G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR). This is unusual since evolutionarily related hormones typically either use the same or paralogous receptors. In arthropods three different irps, i.e. arthropod IGF, gonadulin and Drosophila insulin-like peptide 7 (dilp7), likely evolved from a gene triplication, as in several species genes encoding these three peptides are located next to one another on the same chromosomal fragment. These arthropod irps have homologs in vertebrates, suggesting that the initial gene triplication was perhaps already present in the last common ancestor of deuterostomes and protostomes. It would be interesting to know whether this is indeed so and how insulin might be related to this trio of irps. Methodology Genes encoding irps as well as their putative receptors were identified in genomes and transcriptomes from echinoderms and hemichordates. Results A similar triplet of genes coding for irps also occurs in some ambulacrarians. Two of these are orthologs of arthropod IGF and dilp7 and the third is likely a gonadulin ortholog. In echinoderms, two novel irps emerged, gonad stimulating substance (GSS) and multinsulin, likely from gene duplications of the IGF and dilp7-like genes respectively. The structures of GSS diverged considerably from IGF, which would suggest they use different receptors from IGF, but no novel irp receptors evolved. If IGF and GSS use different receptors, and the evolution of GSS from a gene duplication of IGF is not associated with the appearance of a novel receptor, while irps are known to use two different types of receptors, the ancestor of GSS and IGF might have acted on both types of receptors while one or both of its descendants act on only one. There are three ambulacrarian GPCRs that have amino acid sequences suggestive of being irp GPCRs, two of these are orthologs of the gonadulin and dilp7 receptors. This suggests that the third might be an IGF receptor, and that by deduction, GSS only acts on the RTK. The evolution of GSS from IGF may represent a pattern, where IGF gene duplications lead to novel genes coding for shorter peptides that activate an RTK. It is likely this is how insulin and the insect neuroendocrine irps evolved independently from IGF. Conclusion The local gene triplication described from arthropods that yielded three genes encoding irps was already present in the last common ancestor of protostomes and deuterostomes. It seems plausible that irps, such as those produced by neuroendocrine cells in the brain of insects and echinoderm GSS evolved independently from IGF and, thus, are not true orthologs, but the result of convergent evolution.

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“…As the dominant locust species, the density of L. migratoria was 10 grasshopper/m 2 ( Hao et al, 2019 ). They were reared on gramineous plants in the laboratory (28 ± 2°C; 18 h day:8 h night; 30–50% relative humidity) ( Babikova et al, 2013 ; Veenstra et al, 2021 ).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mycorrhizal Inoculation Enhances Nutrient Absorption and Induces Insect-Resistant Defense of Elymus nutans

Zhang

Han

et al. 2022

Front. Plant Sci.

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The majority of terrestrial plants can form symbiotic associations on their roots with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) in the soil to stimulate the growth and nutrient uptake of the host plant and to improve plant resistance to insects and disease. However, the use of AMF for insect control on gramineous forages requires further study. Here, we evaluated the effects of AMF (Funneliformis mosseae) inoculation on the defense against Locusta migratoria attack in Elymus nutans. Inoculation assays showed that mycorrhizal plants had a higher resistance than non-inoculated plants, as evidenced by plants having more plant biomass, a higher nitrogen and phosphorus content, and greater lipoxygenase (LOX) activity. The results of insect damage showed that in addition to a decrease in the enzyme phenylalanine-ammonia-lyase, the activities of other plant defense-related enzymes (including polyphenol oxidase and β-1,3-glucanase) were increased. A key enzyme, LOX, belonging to the jasmonic acid (JA) signaling pathway was notably increased in mycorrhizal treatment. Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) were identified using gas chromatography mass spectrometry and the results showed that several metabolites with insect-resistant properties, including D-Limonene, p-Xylene, 1,3-Diethylbenzene were detected in mycorrhizal plants. These findings suggest that mycorrhizal inoculation has potential applications in insect management on forage grasses and demonstrates that the JA signaling pathway is essential for insect resistance in Elymus nutans.

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Identification of Gonadulin and Insulin-Like Growth Factor From Migratory Locusts and Their Importance in Reproduction in Locusta migratoria

Cited by 18 publications

References 52 publications

Neuropeptidomes of Tenebrio molitor L. and Zophobas atratus Fab. (Coleoptera, Polyphaga: Tenebrionidae)

Neuropeptidomes of Tenebrio molitor L. and Zophobas atratus Fab. (Coleoptera, Polyphaga: Tenebrionidae)

Ambulacrarian insulin-related peptides and their putative receptors suggest how insulin and similar peptides may have evolved from insulin-like growth factor

Mycorrhizal Inoculation Enhances Nutrient Absorption and Induces Insect-Resistant Defense of Elymus nutans

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