Identification of Handwriting

Purdy, D.S.

doi:10.1201/9781420003765.sec4

Cited by 7 publications

(3 citation statements)

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“…With regard to the study of texts in forensic science, authors such us Srihari and Bozeková consider validating the hypothesis that handwriting with pencil or pen is individual using statistical analysis techniques to establish error rates when assigning a writing to its corresponding writer. According to Srihari , Purdy , and Huber , the most important allograph features—known as macro‐features, to be analyzed by the researcher are as follows: arrangement; class of allograph; connections; design of allographs (alphabets) and their construction; dimensions (vertical and horizontal); slant or slope; spacings, intraword and interword; abbreviations; baseline alignment; initial and terminal strokes; punctuation (presence, style, and location); embellishments; legibility or writing quality; line continuity; line quality; pen control; writing movement (arched, angular, interminable); natural variations or consistency; persistency; lateral expansion; and word proportions.…”

Section: Theoretical Frameworkmentioning

confidence: 99%

Relative Width and Height of Handwritten Letter

Rika

2017

Journal of Forensic Sciences

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This is an exploratory study that analyzes the width and the height of letters in two texts written by each of the 21 writers analyzed. After detrending the linear, text, and allograph trends, we proceeded to comparing the sizes obtained in different texts. The different detrended series were compared by means of correlation and t-test. According to the results regarding the width of letters, the texts of 19 of 21 writers correlated strongly, whereas the texts of two writers did not correlate with the limits of the threshold. With regard to the height of letters, texts written by between 18 and 21 writers of 21 writers correlated strongly, whereas texts that did not correlate were within the threshold value. Regarding both the width and the height of letters, of 21 writers, texts written by between 19 and 21 individuals were found to correlate strongly.KEYWORDS: forensic science, forensic handwritten examination, questioned document examination, handwriting processing, document analysis, letters width and height This study is based on a concern about the possible individuality of the width and the height of handwritten letters written by a specific writer. As Figs 1 and 2 show, in the measurements of the width and the height of several letters, it may be seen that allographs "a" and "e" tend to be narrower than the allograph "t." If this trend were to be proven in this particular writer, it could help us distinguish this writer from others who write the very same allographs inversely when it comes to width or height.This embryonic idea led on to attempts to systematize these possible differences and distinguish the writer according to the width or height profile of different allographs.Regarding the width of letters, if there are two states for each of the 52 allographs in lower case written by an individual -"wide allograph" and "narrow allograph," the possible combinations of two states for letters in lower case raised to the 26th power are 67,108,864. Hence, more than 67 million might potentially be characterized. If there were five states ("very wide," "wide," "neither wide nor narrow," "narrow," and "very narrow"), the possible combinations of five states raised to the 26th power are 1, 490,116,119,384,765,625; that is to say a number which is 19 digits long. Having said that, taking into account that the width of letters is a continuous magnitude, the possible states of 52 allographs are much larger. It is at this point where we need the correlation and test of statistical significance of correlation coefficient (t-test) techniques, which are capable of comparing objects to a vast number of possible states. However, we should not forget that we do not know the distribution of the frequency of the possible states.Taken into account the specific features of the texts, common measurable features that adjust to every allograph and text were selected.We must point out that this is an exploratory study; thus, it must be emphasized that the results obtained are to be applied exclusively to the 42 texts ...

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Section: Theoretical Frameworkmentioning

confidence: 99%

Relative Width and Height of Handwritten Letter

Rika

2017

Journal of Forensic Sciences

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“…5,6 This study emphasized the analysis of singular form of letters, and inter-literal connections, because it is graphical constructs easier viewing. As said before, the international definitions for the class features and individual characteristics 26 , adopted in countries where the system of education is unified, it is not an appropriate use in Brazil, where the education system is freer regarding to the tools used for teaching and learning. This circumstance can derail the choice of a calligraphic necessary to perform the collation to sort the examined graphical standard construction.…”

Section: Procedures Of Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

Investigation of Individual Characteristics in Handwriting of a Brazilian Amazonian Group

Valiatia¹,

Velho²,

Bruni³

2016

BJFS

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In this work we have performed an analysis over graphic characteristics of people from Pará State, Brazil. The main issue was to identify the particularities of natural written and to calculate the corresponding frequencies. The standard template to collect the manuscripts was an invitation letter, entitled "Forensic Letter of Belém", which contains all the letters of the alphabet of Portuguese language (lowercase and uppercase); symbols; and the Arabic numerals (0-9). Parameters were established to evaluate and to separate them into class and individual characteristics. 100 (one hundred) sets of samples were analyzed and 170 features and their frequencies were selected and analyzed by an expert experienced in graphoscopy. Results suggest that there is no peculiar graphical structure that, alone, can be classified as an individual characteristic. The importance of this work relies on its potential to be a training tool for young professionals who work with graphoscopy.

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“…One characteristic that contributes to such errors is the almost exclusive reliance of an automated procedure on a set of features that can be quantified; it ignores subjective characteristics that can be exploited by an FDE for identification and verification. Purdy (4, p. 71) in his discussion of modern developments in identification of handwriting states:…”

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confidence: 99%

Using Automated Comparisons to Quantify Handwriting Individuality*,†,‡

Saunders

Davis

Buscaglia

2011

Journal of Forensic Sciences

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The proposition that writing profiles are unique is considered a key premise underlying forensic handwriting comparisons. An empirical study cannot validate this proposition because of the impossibility of observing sample documents written by every individual. The goal of this paper is to illustrate what can be stated about the individuality of writing profiles using a database of handwriting samples and an automated comparison procedure. In this paper, we provide a strategy for bounding the probability of observing two writers with indistinguishable writing profiles (regardless of the comparison methodology used) with a random match probability that can be estimated statistically. We illustrate computation of this bound using a convenience sample of documents and an automated comparison procedure based on Pearson's chi-squared statistic applied to frequency distributions of letter shapes extracted from handwriting samples. We also show how this bound can be used when designing an empirical study of individuality.

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Identification of Handwriting

Cited by 7 publications

References 0 publications

Relative Width and Height of Handwritten Letter

Relative Width and Height of Handwritten Letter

Investigation of Individual Characteristics in Handwriting of a Brazilian Amazonian Group

Using Automated Comparisons to Quantify Handwriting Individuality*,†,‡

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