Identification of heavy metal pollution sources and its associated risk assessment in an industrial town using the K-means clustering technique

Khorshidi, Niyayesh; Parsa, Mohammad; Lentz, David R.; Sobhanverdi, Jamshid

doi:10.1016/j.apgeochem.2021.105113

Cited by 33 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 63 publications

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“…A similar study [64] reported that elements such as Al, Fe, Ca, K, and Ni are released in the form of dust from marble and granite rocks during mining activities, sculpting, and manufacturing of slabs. [53] also reported that the main anthropogenic sources of soil pollution from Cr, Pb, Mn, Ni, Cu, Mn, and Zn were the leather industry, brick factories, and road traffic and therefore strongly agree with our current study results.…”

Section: Looking For Associations and Identification Of Heavy Metal S...supporting

confidence: 93%

“…In addition, it is important to identify the unusual patterns that might be related to heavy metal pollution in an area of interest. Traditional geochemical modelling methods mainly focus on the statistical aspects of geochemical data and neglect the spatial distribution of geochemical samples [ 53 ]. Therefore, both spatial and statistical aspects of geochemical anomalies are considered.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Irrigation suitability, health risk assessment and source apportionment of heavy metals in surface water used for irrigation near marble industry in Malakand, Pakistan

Khan

Egozcue

et al. 2022

PLoS ONE

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Water is a vital, finite resource whose quantity and quality are deteriorating as the world population increases. The current study aims to investigate the concentration of heavy metals (HM) in surface water for irrigation purposes with associated human health risks and pollution sources near the marble industry in Malakand, Pakistan. Twenty-seven water samples were randomly collected and analyzed for HM concentration by inductively coupled plasma‒optical emission spectrometry (ICP‒OES). pH, electrical conductivity (EC), total dissolved solids (TDS), biological oxygen demand (BOD), and chemical oxygen demand (COD) were measured using standard methods of American Public Health Association (APHA). Irrigation suitability was assessed using specific water quality parameters. The associated health risks from ingestion and dermal exposure to heavy metals were calculated by USEPA health risk indices. Pollution sources and spatial distribution mapping were studied using compositional data analysis (CoDa) and the application of a geographic information system (GIS) to understand the changing behavior of heavy metals in surface waters. The concentrations of BOD (89%), COD (89%), Al (89%), Ca (89%), Cr (56%), Cu (78%), Fe (56%), K (34%) Mg (23%), Mn (56%), Na (89%), Ni (56%), P (89%), and Zn (11%) exceeded the safety limits of National Environmental Quality standards (NEQs) of Pakistan. The results of Kelly’s ratio (KR) classified surface water as unsuitable for irrigation. The average daily doses (ADD, mg/kg/day) for Al, Cu, Cr, Fe, Mn, Ni, and Zn were higher in children than in adults. The hazard index (HI) for children and adults was above the threshold (HI > 1), indicating a significant risk of non-carcinogenic toxicity. The carcinogenic risk values for Cr and Ni were above the USEPA limit (1 × 10−6 to 1 × 10−4), suggesting a potential carcinogenic risk for the target population. Principal component analysis (PCA), biplot (CLR), and the CoDa-dendrogram allowed for the identification of elemental associations, and their potential source was anthropogenic rather than natural in origin. Regular monitoring and phytoremediation strategies are proposed to safeguard crops and human health.

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Section: Looking For Associations and Identification Of Heavy Metal S...supporting

confidence: 93%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Irrigation suitability, health risk assessment and source apportionment of heavy metals in surface water used for irrigation near marble industry in Malakand, Pakistan

Khan

Egozcue

et al. 2022

PLoS ONE

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“…The differing numbers of MIV per F.G. allowed grouping the metals based on the respective importance of each F.G. (Table 3). This kind of clustering or grouping of chemical concentrations based on source factors has been performed successfully elsewhere [69,70]. The results were four meta groups of basin-scale factors (Figure 3).…”

Section: Factor Meta Groups Affect Metals Differentlymentioning

confidence: 96%

Ranking of Basin-Scale Factors Affecting Metal Concentrations in River Sediment

Lotz

Opp

2022

Applied Sciences

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River sediments often contain potentially harmful pollutants such as metals. Much research has been conducted to identify factors involved in sediment concentrations of metals. While most metal pollution studies focus on smaller scales, it has been shown that basin-scale parameters are powerful predictors of river water quality. The present study focused on basin-scale factors of metal concentrations in river sediments. The study was performed on the contiguous USA using Random Forest (R.F.) to analyze the importance of different factors of the metal pollution potential of river sediments and evaluate the possibility of assessing this potential from basin characteristics. Results indicated that the most important factors belonged to the groups Geology, Dams, and Land cover. Rock characteristics (contents of K2O, CaO, and SiO2) and reservoir drainage area were strong factors. Vegetation indices were more important than land cover types. The response of different metals to basin-scale factors varied greatly. The R.F. models performed well with prediction errors of 16.5% to 28.1%, showing that basin-scale parameters hold sufficient information for predicting potential metal concentrations. The results contribute to research and policymaking dependent on understanding large-scale factors of metal pollution.

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“…Furthermore, heavy metals are the most commonly found contaminants in wastewater that are a public-health concern due to their high toxicity [ 10 ]. Sources of heavy-metal pollution include mining waste [ 11 , 12 ], water leaks in landfills [ 13 ], municipal wastewater, and industrial wastewater [ 14 ], especially from industries, such as electroplating and electronic metal fabrication [ 15 ]. Heavy metals are necessary for human metabolism; however, high concentrations can be toxic and dangerous to humans [ 16 , 17 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Critical Review of Snail Shell Material Modification for Applications in Wastewater Treatment

2023

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Sea material is becoming increasingly popular and widely used as an adsorbent in wastewater treatment. Snail shell, a low-cost and natural animal waste material, has been shown to have a high calcium content (>99%) and a large potential surface area for the development of sustainable adsorbents. This paper presents a novel synthesis of methods for using snail shell absorbent materials in the treatment of wastewater containing heavy metals, textile dyes, and other organic substances. Modified biochar made from snail shells has gained popularity in recent years due to its numerous benefits. This paper discusses and analyzes modification methods, including impregnating with supplements, combining other adsorbents, synthesis of hydroxyapatite, co-precipitation, and the sol–gel method. The analysis of factors influencing adsorption efficiency revealed that pH, contact time, temperature, initial concentration, and adsorbent dose all have a significant impact on the adsorption process. Future research directions are also discussed in this paper as a result of presenting challenges for current snail adsorbents.

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Identification of heavy metal pollution sources and its associated risk assessment in an industrial town using the K-means clustering technique

Cited by 33 publications

References 63 publications

Irrigation suitability, health risk assessment and source apportionment of heavy metals in surface water used for irrigation near marble industry in Malakand, Pakistan

Irrigation suitability, health risk assessment and source apportionment of heavy metals in surface water used for irrigation near marble industry in Malakand, Pakistan

Ranking of Basin-Scale Factors Affecting Metal Concentrations in River Sediment

A Critical Review of Snail Shell Material Modification for Applications in Wastewater Treatment

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