Identification of HIV-1 in semen following primary HIV-1 infection

Tindall, Brett; Evans, Louise; Cunningham, Philip; McQueen, P. W.; Hurren, Lindsay; Vasak, E; Mooney, Jean; Cooper, David A.

doi:10.1097/00002030-199209000-00006

Cited by 50 publications

(22 citation statements)

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“…36 HIV RNA levels in blood and seminal plasma during primary HIV infection were only moderately correlated, consistent with other smaller studies. 9,10,20,[37][38][39] This only moderate correlation may explain why the variation in blood HIV RNA levels cannot fully explain the risk of sexual HIV transmission and supports the inclusion of genital tract HIV RNA levels 40 and other genital tract cofactors 41 in models of sexual HIV transmission. Furthermore, before blood HIV RNA levels alone are used to estimate whether non-genital tract coinfections such as malaria 42 and tuberculosis 43 increase the risk of sexual HIV transmission, empiric data should be collected as part of proof-of-concept studies to show that these coinfections increase genital tract HIV RNA levels.…”

Section: Figmentioning

confidence: 99%

HIV Dynamics in Seminal Plasma during Primary HIV Infection

Stekler

Sycks

Holte

et al. 2008

AIDS Research and Human Retroviruses

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HIV dynamics in seminal plasma during primary HIV infection was evaluated through an observational study of individuals with primary HIV infection at the University of Washington Primary Infection Clinic. Seminal plasma HIV RNA was quantified using a real-time reverse transcription PCR assay. Blood plasma RNA was quantified by bDNA or PCR-based assays. Longitudinal analyses of HIV RNA levels over time used random effects regression analysis. From 1993 to 2005, 110 men collected 327 semen specimens. Initial blood and seminal plasma RNA levels in untreated men were only moderately correlated (Spearman r ϭ 0.38, p ϭ 0.0002). Estimated peak and set point levels were lower in semen than blood by 0.8 (p ϭ 0.001) and 0.7 (p Ͻ 0.001) log 10

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Section: Figmentioning

confidence: 99%

HIV Dynamics in Seminal Plasma during Primary HIV Infection

Stekler

Sycks

Holte

et al. 2008

AIDS Research and Human Retroviruses

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“…Indeed, although HIV-1 is more common in the semen of men with advanced HIV-1 infection and seminal leukocytosis, it can also be isolated from the semen of men with neither of these conditions (16,342). Furthermore, men with HIV-1 infection are already potentially infectious through sexual relations during the first few weeks after infection (329). It has now been established that HIV-1 may be present in semen in both cell-free and cell-associated forms (and that it may be isolated from both asymptomatic individuals and AIDS patients) and that both forms are transmissible (360).…”

Section: Human Immunodeficiency Virus Typementioning

confidence: 99%

Viruses in the Mammalian Male Genital Tract and Their Effects on the Reproductive System

Dejucq

Jégou

2001

Microbiol Mol Biol Rev

290

220

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This review describes the various viruses identified in the semen and reproductive tracts of mammals (including humans), their distribution in tissues and fluids, their possible cell targets, and the functional consequences of their infectivity on the reproductive and endocrine systems. The consequences of these viral infections on the reproductive tract and semen can be extremely serious in terms of organ integrity, development of pathological and cancerous processes, and transmission of diseases. Furthermore, of essential importance is the fact that viral infection of the testicular cells may result not only in changes in testicular function, a serious risk for the fertility and general health of the individual (such as a fall in testosteronemia leading to cachexia), but also in the possible transmission of virus-induced mutations to subsequent generations. In addition to providing an exhaustive account of the data available in these domains, this review focuses attention on the fact that the interface between endocrinology and virology has so far been poorly explored, particularly when major health, social and economical problems are posed. Our conclusions highlight the research strategies that need to be developed. Progress in all these domains is essential for the development of new treatment strategies to eradicate viruses and to correct the virus-induced dysfunction of the endocrine system

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“…The amount of HIV-1 (cell free and cell associated) in semen can vary widely between different men (4,7,25) and can vary over time in each man (16). While high HIV-1 levels in semen are correlated with advanced HIV-1 disease, the virus has been detected and/or cultured from semen collected during all phases of infection (1,25,26,30).…”

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confidence: 99%

Effects of Genital Tract Inflammation on Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 V3 Populations in Blood and Semen

Ping

Cohen

Hoffman

et al. 2000

J Virol

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We have examined cell-free viral populations in the blood plasma and seminal plasma compartments of men infected with subtype C human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) using the V3-specific heteroduplex tracking assay (V3-HTA). We studied two cohorts of subjects who had visited either a sexually transmitted disease (STD) clinic for genital tract inflammation in the form of urethritis (n ‫؍‬ 43) or a dermatology clinic (controls, n ‫؍‬ 14) in Malawi. We have previously shown that the presence of urethritis is associated with an eightfold increase in virus load in the seminal plasma compartment (M. S. Cohen et al., Lancet 349:1868-1873, 1997). The purpose of this study was to determine whether genital tract inflammation and its treatment caused genetic instability in cell-free HIV-1 populations. In a cross-sectional analysis at study entry, three-fourths of the STD and control subjects had multiple V3 populations in their blood while 60% of the STD subjects and 79% of the control subjects had multiple V3 populations in their semen. Overall, one-fourth of all of the subjects showed discordance between results with blood and semen specimens when samples were compared for the presence and absence of subpopulations. When differences in the relative levels of abundance of bands were also taken into account, two-fifths of all of the subjects showed discordance between the compartments. Among the subset of subjects in whom multiple virus populations could be detected, half showed discordance between the compartments. There were no differences between STD and control cohorts for these comparisons of the compartments in this cross-sectional analysis at study entry. Longitudinal analysis of the viral populations from two separate clinic visits over 1 to 4 weeks showed that the complexity of each V3 population as measured by Shannon entropy was different in blood and semen at the two time points, indicating that the blood and semen constitute different compartments for HIV-1. The seminal plasma compartment was more dynamic than the blood plasma compartment for the STD subjects who were treated for urethritis, with changes being noted in the presence or absence of V3-HTA bands in the semen of 29% of these subjects but in the blood of only 9% of these subjects. However, the changes were generally small. Overall, our results suggest that 40% of male subjects show discordance between seminal and blood viral populations and that the complexity of each V3 population was different between the two compartments. Both of these results point to the partial independence of the seminal compartment as a viral niche within the body.

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Identification of HIV-1 in semen following primary HIV-1 infection

Cited by 50 publications

References 0 publications

HIV Dynamics in Seminal Plasma during Primary HIV Infection

HIV Dynamics in Seminal Plasma during Primary HIV Infection

Viruses in the Mammalian Male Genital Tract and Their Effects on the Reproductive System

Effects of Genital Tract Inflammation on Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 V3 Populations in Blood and Semen

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