Identification of Household Bacterial Community and Analysis of Species Shared with Human Microbiome

Abstract

Microbial populations in indoor environments, where we live and eat, are important for public health. Various bacterial species reside in the kitchen, and refrigerators, the major means of food storage within kitchens, can be a direct source of food borne illness. Therefore, the monitoring of microbiota in the refrigerator is important for food safety. We investigated and compared bacterial communities that reside in the vegetable compartment of the refrigerator and on the seat of the toilet, which is recognized as highly colonized by microorganisms, in ten houses using high-throughput sequencing. Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, Actinobacteria, and Bacteroidetes were predominant in refrigerator and toilet samples. However, Proteobacteria was more abundant in the refrigerator, and Firmicutes was more abundant in the toilet. These household bacterial communities were compared with those of human skin and gut to identify potential sources of household bacteria. Bacterial communities from refrigerators and toilets shared more species in common with human skin than gut. Opportunistic pathogens, including Propionibacterium acnes, Bacteroides vulgatus, and Staphylococcus epidermidis, were identified as species shared with human skin and gut microbiota. This approach can provide a general background of the household microbiota and a potential method of source-tracking for public health purposes.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s00284-013-0401-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

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“…The genus Enhydrobacter has been found in widely diverse environments like athletic equipment (Wood et al 2015), skin (buttocks) (Zeeuwen et al 2012), toilet samples (Jeon et al 2013), and a beer bottling plant (Timke et al 2005). A search in BLAST (http://blast.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/ Blast.cgi) revealed a 100% match to both Moraxella osloensis and Enhydrobacter aerosaccus for the OTU and isolates representing genus Enhydrobacter in our study.…”

“…Near-fulllength 16S rRNA gene sequences of 1 random isolate (classified as genus Enhydrobacter) confirmed that our isolates were most similar to these 2 species (99% identity, data not shown). Both Moraxella osloensis and Enhydrobacter aerosaccus have been found in skin microbiota (Gao et al 2007;Jeon et al 2013). Moraxella osloensis has also been found in the biofilm of various pipe materials in drinking water distribution systems (Zhu et al 2014) and is the bacterium responsible for the locker-room smell or shower-curtain odor (Kubota et al 2012).…”

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