2007
DOI: 10.1038/sj.jes.7500583
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Identification of human urinary metabolites of acetochlor in exposed herbicide applicators by high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry

Abstract: Acetochlor is a preemergent chloroacetanilide herbicide used to control annual grasses and small-seeded broadleaf weeds. It is the second most abundantly applied herbicide on corn crops in the United States; however, human metabolites associated with known exposure to acetochlor have not been positively identified and confirmed. We positively identified acetochlor mercapturate (ACM) as a metabolite of acetochlor in urine samples collected during a 24-h period from custom (commercial) applicators who had applie… Show more

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Cited by 18 publications
(16 citation statements)
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“…Samples were analyzed using methods described elsewhere [Barr et al 2007; Montesano et al 2007; Olsson et al 2004]. Briefly, 2 mL urine samples were hydrolyzed by enzymes to liberate the glucuronide- or sulfate-bound conjugated metabolites.…”
Section: Methodsmentioning
confidence: 99%
See 1 more Smart Citation
“…Samples were analyzed using methods described elsewhere [Barr et al 2007; Montesano et al 2007; Olsson et al 2004]. Briefly, 2 mL urine samples were hydrolyzed by enzymes to liberate the glucuronide- or sulfate-bound conjugated metabolites.…”
Section: Methodsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…The frozen urine samples were shipped overnight on dry ice to a laboratory of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in Atlanta, Georgia, for analysis. Samples were analyzed using methods described elsewhere [Olsson et al, 2004;Barr et al, 2007;Montesano et al, 2007]. Briefly, 2 ml urine samples were hydrolyzed by enzymes to liberate the glucuronide-or sulfate-bound conjugated metabolites.…”
Section: Laboratory Analysismentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Qing et al showed that acetochlor was degraded by sludge-dwelling bacteria to an aniline compound 2-methyl-6-ethyl aniline (MEA) (Qing, Li et al 2013). MEA has been reported to be a hydrolysis product of acetochlor metabolites (Barr, Hines et al 2007).…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Moreover, they are used in the production of several economically important crops such as corn, sugar cane, cotton, beetroot, maize, rice, sunflower, and soybean crops [6,7]. The particular case of acetochlor, metolachlor, and alachlor reach the 4th (~33 million lb), 10th (~18 million lb), and 16th (~8 million lb) place in the most widely used agricultural chemicals in the US, according to the United States Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA) [7,8]. In addition, their use has been observed to reach countries in Africa, Europe, Latin America [3,9].…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…In this sense, alachlor and acetochlor have been classified as B2 class substances (i.e., likely human carcinogens) by the US EPA, while metolachlor is classified as a C class substance (possible human carcinogen) [13,14]. Their accidental consumption has been associated with eye, liver, kidney, spleen problems and anemia [7]. Indeed, recent studies have shown significant rates of the carcinogenic nature of acetochlor in rats, tadpoles and minnows causing stomach, liver, bone, thyroid and lung tumors [3].…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%