“…The analysis of different kindreds with FNMTC advocates for an autosomal dominant inheritance with incomplete penetrance and variable expressivity ( 1 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 ). In the past years, several studies reported FNMTC-associated chromosomal loci ( 3 , 15 , 16 , 17 , 18 ) and predisposing risk variants in over 100 genes, including SRGAP1 , CHEK2 , SRRM2 , TIFF-1/NKX2 , FOXE1 , NOP53 , HABP2 , ANO7 , CAV2 , KANK1 , PIK3CB , PKD1L1 , PTPRF , BROX , RHBDD2 , ATM , MAP2K5 , EWSR1 , POT1 , TIAM1 and SPRY4 ( 1 , 3 , 7 , 12 , 15 , 19 , 20 , 21 , 22 , 23 , 24 , 25 , 26 , 27 , 28 , 29 , 30 , 31 , 32 , 33 , 34 , 35 , 36 , 37 ). Recently, using whole-genomic sequencing, a group has identified variants in genes that were enriched in tumourigenic signalling pathways such as MAPK/ERK and PI3K/AKT in families with NMTC ( 19 ).…”