Identification of intrinsic genes across general hypertension, hypertension with left ventricular remodeling, and uncontrolled hypertension

Abstract

The purpose of the present article is to identify intrinsic genes across general hypertension (HT), hypertension with left ventricular remodeling (HT-LVR), and uncontrolled hypertension (UN-HT). In total, four microarray datasets (GSE24752, GSE75360, GSE74144, and GSE71994) were downloaded from the GEO database and were used to identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs), respectively. Furthermore, gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) was utilized to screen for significantly enriched biological pathways across the four datasets above, respectively. Furthermore, weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) and functional enrichment analysis were applied to screen out gene modules of interest and potential biological functions, respectively. Finally, a Metascape-based multiple gene list meta-analysis was used to investigate intrinsic genes at different stages of the progression of hypertension. A total of 75 DEGs (63 upregulated genes and 12 downregulated genes, GSE24752) and 23 DEGs (2 upregulated genes and 21 downregulated genes, GSE74144) were identified. However, there were few DEGs identified in GSE75360, GSE71994, and part of the GSE74144 datasets. GSEA and functional enrichment of gene module of interest have indicated that “Heme metabolism,” “TNF alpha/NFkB,” and “interferon alpha response signaling,” and MYC target v1/v2 were enriched significantly in different stages of hypertension progression. Significantly, findings from the multiple gene list meta-analysis suggested that FBXW4 and other 13 genes were unique to the hypertension group, and TRIM11 and other 40 genes were mainly involved in hypertension with the left ventricular remodeling group, while the other 18 genes including F13A1 significantly enriched in uncontrolled hypertension. Collectively, the precise switch of the “immune-metabolic-inflammatory” loop pathway was the most significant hallmark across different stages of hypertension, thereby providing a potential therapeutic target for uncontrolled hypertension treatment.

HNP-1 Reverses Hypertensive Left Ventricular Hypertrophy by Inhibiting the NF-кB Signaling Pathway

“…Second, HNP-1 may have a "bipolar effect," such that inflammatory factor expression may be enhanced by a high dose of HNP-1 (100 μg/day) and inhibited by a healthy dose of HNP-1 (5 μg/day or 10 μg/mL) [65]. Third, studies have reported that regulation of the inflammatory response effectively controls BP and ameliorates HLVH [65][66][67][68][69][70][71]. However, NF-κB is a key regulatory signaling pathway in inflammatory immune responses [72][73][74][75], and NF-κB inhibition may ameliorate hypertension and HLVH [76][77][78][79][80][81][82][83][84][85][86].…”