Identification of lamina V and VII interneurons presynaptic to adrenal sympathetic preganglionic neurons in rats using a recombinant herpes simplex virus type 1

Clarke, Harrison A.; Dekaban, Gregory A.; Weaver, Lynne C.

doi:10.1016/s0306-4522(97)00658-1

Cited by 34 publications

(23 citation statements)

References 37 publications

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“…Nevertheless, it seems more likely that the recipients of the VGLUT1-positive synapses within the IML and the central autonomic area are the dendrites of interneurons. The cell bodies and dendrites of spinal sympathetic interneurons occur within and around the IML and in the central autonomic area (Clarke et al, 1998;Chau et al, 2000;Deuchars et al, 2001;Cano et al, 2001;Tang et al, 2004). Spinal sympathetic interneurons have small somata compared with SPN (Clarke et al, 1998;Deuchars et al, 2001), and our finding of a synapse by a VGLUT1-immunoreactive terminal on a small nerve cell body lying medial to the IML is consistent with VGLUT1 innervation of interneurons.…”

Section: Vglut1 Innervation Of the Lateral Horn In Intact Cordsupporting

confidence: 81%

“…In contrast to the IML, there was a moderate density of VGLUT1-positive axons between the nests, where rostrocaudally oriented SPN dendrites occur. A moderate density of VGLUT1-immunoreactive axons also occurred in the intermediate gray medial to the SPN nests, a region that contains spinal sympathetic interneurons (Cabot et al, 1991;Joshi et al, 1995;Clarke et al, 1998;Chau et al, 2000;Deuchars et al, 2001;Cano et al, 2001;Tang et al, 2004). As expected from our observations on sections labeled for VGLUT1 alone, convincing close appositions by VGLUT1-immunoreactive varicosities were rare on SPN in the IML that had been retrogradely labeled from any of the four targets that we injected with CTB.…”

Section: Vglut1 Innervation Of the Lateral Horn In Intact Cordsupporting

confidence: 75%

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VGLUT1 and VGLUT2 innervation in autonomic regions of intact and transected rat spinal cord

Llewellyn‐Smith

Martin

Fenwick

et al. 2007

J of Comparative Neurology

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Fast excitatory neurotransmission to sympathetic and parasympathetic preganglionic neurons (SPN and PPN) is glutamatergic. To characterize this innervation in spinal autonomic regions, we localized immunoreactivity for vesicular glutamate transporters (VGLUTs) 1 and 2 in intact cords and after upper thoracic complete transections. Preganglionic neurons were retrogradely labeled by intraperitoneal Fluoro-Gold or with cholera toxin B (CTB) from superior cervical, celiac, or major pelvic ganglia or adrenal medulla. Glutamatergic somata were localized with in situ hybridization for VGLUT mRNA. In intact cords, all autonomic areas contained abundant VGLUT2-immunoreactive axons and synapses. CTB-immunoreactive SPN and PPN received many close appositions from VGLUT2-immunoreactive axons. VGLUT2-immunoreactive synapses occurred on Fluoro-Gold-labeled SPN. Somata with VGLUT2 mRNA occurred throughout the spinal gray matter. VGLUT2 immunoreactivity was not noticeably affected caudal to a transection. In contrast, in intact cords, VGLUT1-immunoreactive axons were sparse in the intermediolateral cell column (IML) and lumbosacral parasympathetic nucleus but moderately dense above the central canal. VGLUT1-immunoreactive close appositions were rare on SPN in the IML and the central autonomic area and on PPN. Transection reduced the density of VGLUT1-immunoreactive axons in sympathetic subnuclei but increased their density in the parasympathetic nucleus. Neuronal cell bodies with VGLUT1 mRNA occurred only in Clarke's column. These data indicate that SPN and PPN are densely innervated by VGLUT2-immunoreactive axons, some of which arise from spinal neurons. In contrast, the VGLUT1-immunoreactive innervation of spinal preganglionic neurons is sparse, and some may arise from supraspinal sources. Increased VGLUT1 immunoreactivity after transection may correlate with increased glutamatergic transmission to PPN.

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Section: Vglut1 Innervation Of the Lateral Horn In Intact Cordsupporting

confidence: 81%

Section: Vglut1 Innervation Of the Lateral Horn In Intact Cordsupporting

confidence: 75%

VGLUT1 and VGLUT2 innervation in autonomic regions of intact and transected rat spinal cord

Llewellyn‐Smith

Martin

Fenwick

et al. 2007

J of Comparative Neurology

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“…However, viral trans-synaptic labeling studies have revealed many interneurons that are involved in sympathetic control in specific areas of the spinal cord, including the IML and laminas V and VII (Cabot et al, 1994;Joshi et al, 1995), and these are likely candidates for mediating indirect supraspinal control of SPN activity. Recently, putative presympathetic interneurons have also been located in the central autonomic area (CAA), dorsal and lateral to the central canal (Clarke et al, 1998;Tang et al, 2004), a region that receives input from vasomotor regions of the brain (Caverson et al, 1983;Bacon and Smith, 1993;Zagon and Smith, 1993). Interestingly, axons from the medial prefrontal cortex made asymmetric synapses onto small dendrites in the CAA, and stimulation of this cortical region causes hypotension (Bacon and Smith, 1993).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

GABAergic Neurons in the Central Region of the Spinal Cord: A Novel Substrate for Sympathetic Inhibition

Deuchars¹,

Milligan²,

Stornetta³

et al. 2005

J. Neurosci.

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Homeostatic maintenance of widespread functions is critically dependent on the activity of the sympathetic nervous system. This activity is generated by the CNS acting on the sole output cells in the spinal cord, sympathetic preganglionic neurons (SPNs). SPNs are subject to control from both supraspinal and spinal inputs that exert effects through activation of direct or indirect pathways. A high proportion of indirect control is attributable to activation of spinal interneurons in a number of locations. However, little is known about the different groups of interneurons with respect to their neurochemistry or function. In this study, we report on a novel group of GABAergic interneurons located in the spinal central autonomic area (CAA) that directly inhibit SPN activity. In situ hybridization studies demonstrated a group of neurons that contained mRNA for glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) 65 and GAD 67 within the CAA. Combining in situ hybridization with trans-synaptic labeling from the adrenal gland using pseudorabies virus identified presympathetic GABAergic neurons in the CAA. Electrical stimulation of the CAA elicited monosynaptic IPSPs in SPNs located laterally in the intermediolateral cell column. IPSPs were GABAergic, because they reversed at the chloride reversal potential and were blocked by bicuculline. Chemical activation of neurons in the CAA hyperpolarized SPNs, an effect that was also bicuculline sensitive. We conclude that the CAA contains GABAergic interneurons that impinge directly onto SPNs to inhibit their activity and suggest that these newly identified interneurons may play an essential role in the regulation of sympathetic activity and thus homeostasis.

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“…SPNs and motoneurons are known to be cholinergic and contain the acetylcholine synthetizing enzyme ChAT. 25,55,56 One limitation of this study is the small number of cases that we were able to investigate. Although we examined only three human cases, we were able to detect degenerative changes within the speci®c neuronal population of the spinal cord.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Then, biotinated anti-goat antibody made in donkey (1 : 400 dilution, Biocan Scienti®c, Canada) and rhodamine lissamine conjudated to streptavidin antibody (1 : 150 dilution Biocan Scienti®c, Canada) were used for staining. 25 Immunofluorescent neurons were detected using a Leitz microscope equipped with an epi¯uorescence system containing N2 ®lter.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The changes in human spinal sympathetic preganglionic neurons after spinal cord injury

Krassioukov¹,

Bunge

Pucket

et al. 1999

Spinal Cord

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We have applied conventional histochemical, immunocytochemical and morphometric techniques to study the changes within the human spinal sympathetic preganglionic neurons (SPNs) after spinal cord injury. SPNs are localized within the intermediolateral nucleus (IML) of the lateral horn at the thoraco-lumbar level of the spinal cord and are the major contributors to central cardiovascular control. SPNs in di erent thoracic segments in the normal spinal cord were similar in soma size. SPNs in the IML were also identi®ed using immunoreactivity to choline acetyltransferase. Soma area of SPNs was 400.7+15 mm 2 and 409.9+22 mm 2 at the upper thoracic (T3) and middle thoracic (T7) segments, respectively. In the spinal cord obtained from a person who survived for 2 weeks following a spinal cord injury at T5, we found a signi®cant decrease in soma area of the SPNs in the segments below the site of injury: soma area of SPNs at T8 was 272.9+11 mm 2 . At T1 the soma area was 418+19 mm 2 . In the spinal cord obtained from a person who survived 23 years after cord injury at T3, the soma area of SPNs above (T1) and below (T7) the site of injury was similar (416.2+19 and 425.0+20 mm 2 respectively). The ®ndings demonstrate that the SPNs in spinal segments caudal to the level of the lesion undergo a signi®cant decrease of their size 2 weeks after spinal cord injury resulting in complete transection of the spinal cord. The impaired cardiovascular control after spinal cord injury may be accounted for, in part, by the described changes of the SPNs. The SPNs in spinal segments caudal to the injury were of normal size in the case studied 23 years after the injury, suggesting that the atrophy observed at 2 weeks is transient. More studies are necessary to establish the precise time course of these morphological changes in the spinal preganglionic neurons.

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Identification of lamina V and VII interneurons presynaptic to adrenal sympathetic preganglionic neurons in rats using a recombinant herpes simplex virus type 1

Cited by 34 publications

References 37 publications

VGLUT1 and VGLUT2 innervation in autonomic regions of intact and transected rat spinal cord

VGLUT1 and VGLUT2 innervation in autonomic regions of intact and transected rat spinal cord

GABAergic Neurons in the Central Region of the Spinal Cord: A Novel Substrate for Sympathetic Inhibition

The changes in human spinal sympathetic preganglionic neurons after spinal cord injury

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