Identification of large genetic variations in the equine infectious anemia virus
            <i>tat</i>
            ‐
            <i>gag</i>
            genomic region

Cursino, Andreia Elisa; Lima, Maurício; Nogueira, M. F.; Aguiar, Daniel Moura de; Luiz, Ana Paula; Alves, Pedro Augusto; Araújo, João Pessoa; Kroon, Erna Geessien

doi:10.1111/tbed.13946

Cited by 4 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 41 publications

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“…The currently available real-time PCR assays are not suitable for the identification of EIAV strains from some Asia-Pacific countries due to the mismatches of primers and probes against native viruses ( 13 , 19 ). Therefore, researchers began to choose new target fragments to determine the sequences of these viruses using the sequences between 5’regions of the EIAV long terminal repeat and gag genes ( 9 , 22 ). Unfortunately, to date, there is no universal real-time quantitative PCR method for the rapid clinical diagnosis of EIA.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The detection range of TG-qPCR has good coverage compared with the gag-based PCR method ( 9 , 13 , 18 ). Furthermore, we noticed that the published sequences of the EIAV strains recently detected in Brazilian Pantanal (2021) and Brazilian Northeast region (2022) ( 22 , 30 ) are limited and not include the region of the forward prime of TG-qPCR; therefore, further study is needed for detecting these Brazilian epidemic EIAV strains.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Development and evaluation of a real-time quantitative PCR for the detection of equine infectious anemia virus

Li,

Guo,

Wang

et al. 2023

Microbiol Spectr

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Equine infectious anemia (EIA) has a worldwide distribution and causes severe economic losses to the equine industry. The EIA virus (EIAV) genome sequences from different countries are highly diverse, which poses a great challenge for pathogen identification with PCR. Phylogenetic analysis showed that although gag is the most conserved structural gene, it still has great genome variability. Currently, most existing PCR methods are designed based on the gag gene sequence and therefore do not cover all the viral strains, especially Asian EIAV strains. In this study, we developed a tat-gag-based real-time quantitative PCR (TG-qPCR) for the detection of EIAV by targeting the fragment between the tat and gag genes, which was relatively conserved in all the known EIAV strains. The performance of the TG-qPCR was evaluated against that of the standard qPCR (recommended by WOAH) by testing viral RNA extracted from viral supernatants of EIAV DLV2-6 and EIAV UK3 , proviral DNA from peripheral blood mononuclear cells of artificially immunized horses, and virus nucleic acid from EIAV positive serum samples. The TG-qPCR assay had high specificity, sensitivity, and reproducibility. The detection limit of the TG-qPCR assay was 1 copy/reaction for both viral RNA and proviral DNA based on the Poisson distribution. Compared to the qPCR, the TG-qPCR has better inclusivity and can detect not only Asian EIAV strains but also almost all the representative EIAV strains from other continents. The above results show that the TG-qPCR assay could serve as an effective tool for the early diagnosis of clinical EIA disease. IMPORTANCE Equine infectious anemia (EIA) has a worldwide distribution and causes significant losses to the equine industry worldwide. A reliable detection method is necessary to control the transmission of EIA virus (EIAV). Currently, most of the available real-time PCR assays, including the qPCR of recommended by WOAH, are developed according to the sequences of European or American EIAV strains; however, the primers and probe sequences have low homology with Asian EIAV strains. To the best of our knowledge, no qPCR method capable of the well detection of Asian EIAV strains, especially Chinese EIAV strains, has been published to date. The development of a sensitive, specific, and rapid qPCR assay for the detection of the EIAV strains is therefore of great importance.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Development and evaluation of a real-time quantitative PCR for the detection of equine infectious anemia virus

Li,

Guo,

Wang

et al. 2023

Microbiol Spectr

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…No exhaustive studies describing spatial pattern, incidence, prevalence, and temporal trends are available. Most of the published papers investigating EIA epidemiology originated from a clinical index case, from epidemiological investigations following passive surveillance, and from active surveillance studies with a sampling design not representative of the national equid population [2,[18][19][20][21][22][23][24]. Only a few studies were conducted with a proper design and a representative sampling aimed at estimating the occurrence of the infection in a region, a country, an equine sector, or the whole equid population [12,[25][26][27][28][29].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Equine Infectious Anaemia: The Active Surveillance of an Entire Equid Population Reduces the Occurrence of the Infection

Carvelli,

Nardini,

Carnio

et al. 2024

Transboundary and Emerging Diseases

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Equine infectious anaemia (EIA) is a life-long viral infection affecting equids, transmitted mechanically by biting flies and iatrogenic means. Despite its global distribution, active surveillance is limited, with passive clinical surveillance or control of specific equine sectors prevailing. In Italy, a national surveillance plan in horse, donkey, and mule populations has been established and includes mandatory passive and active surveillance through annual serological tests. During 2007–2010, the agar gel immunodiffusion (AGID) test served as both screening and confirmatory tests. Since 2011, a three-tier diagnostic pathway was introduced, utilizing the ELISA test for screening, AGID as the confirmatory test, and the immunoblot test for cases where ELISA was positive and AGID was negative. From a total equid population of 406,000 animals, 1,337,899 samples were analysed during 2007–2012, with 2,348 (0.18%) testing positive. EIA seroprevalence significantly decreased across all the species/hybrids during the study period. EIA occurrence was higher in mules (IRR = 48.90) and lower in donkeys (IRR = 0.56) compared to horses. The holding seroprevalence was 1.15%. Spatial analysis revealed clusters of infection in central Italy. These findings demonstrate that active systematic surveillance effectively reduces EIA prevalence in equid populations. Mules and working horses in wooded areas appeared to be at higher risk of infection and act as EIA reservoirs. Surveillance and control should be maintained and strengthened in these species/hybrids and in these areas to effectively control EIA. Passive surveillance alone is insufficient to eradicate the disease, and EIA remains a constant threat for the equine industry if active control is not implemented.

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Equine Infectious Anemia Virus (EIAV): Evidence of Circulation in Donkeys from the Brazilian Northeast Region

Costa

Cursino

Luiz

et al. 2022

Journal of Equine Veterinary Science

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Identification of large genetic variations in the equine infectious anemia virus tat ‐ gag genomic region

Cited by 4 publications

References 41 publications

Development and evaluation of a real-time quantitative PCR for the detection of equine infectious anemia virus

Development and evaluation of a real-time quantitative PCR for the detection of equine infectious anemia virus

Equine Infectious Anaemia: The Active Surveillance of an Entire Equid Population Reduces the Occurrence of the Infection

Equine Infectious Anemia Virus (EIAV): Evidence of Circulation in Donkeys from the Brazilian Northeast Region

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