Identification of major routes of HIV transmission throughout Mesoamerica

Chaillon, Antoine; Ávila‐Ríos, Santiago; Wertheim, Joel O.; Dennis, Ann M.; García-Morales, Claudia; Tapia-Trejo, Daniela; Mejía-Villatoro, Carlos; Pascale, Juan Miguel; Porras-Cortés, Guillermo; Quant-Durán, Carlos; Lorenzana, Ivette; Meza, Rita I; Palou, Elsa; Manzanero, Marvin; Cedillos, Rolando A; Reyes‐Terán, Gustavo; Mehta, Sanjay R.

doi:10.1016/j.meegid.2017.06.021

Cited by 17 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 55 publications

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“…Human migration also has a key influence on HIV transmission. In a study of HIV across Mesoamerica, human mobility in part due to economic migration likely bridged infected and susceptible populations resulting in transmission of HIV [31]. Wertheim's global look at the overall HIV transmission network found many links between persons from different nations, highlighting the role of travel or migration in the spread of the virus [48].…”

Section: Human Mobility and Hivmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Impact of Human Mobility on Regional and Global Efforts to Control HIV Transmission

Eshraghian

Ferdos

Mehta

2020

Viruses

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HIV prevention and control methods are implemented on different scales to reduce the spread of the virus amongst populations. However, despite such efforts, HIV continues to persist in populations with a global incidence rate of 1.8 million in 2017 alone. The introduction of new infections into susceptible regional populations promotes the spread of HIV, indicating a crucial need to study the impact of migration and mobility on regional and global efforts to prevent HIV transmission. Here we reviewed studies that assess the impact of human mobility on HIV transmission and spread. We found an important role for both travel and migration in driving the spread of HIV across regional and national borders. Combined, our results indicate that even in the presence of control and preventive efforts, if migration and travel are occurring, public health efforts will need to remain persistent to ensure that new infections do not grow into outbreaks.

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Section: Human Mobility and Hivmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Impact of Human Mobility on Regional and Global Efforts to Control HIV Transmission

Eshraghian

Ferdos

Mehta

2020

Viruses

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“…A 5.6-fold increase can be observed when comparing 2012 with 2017. Young adults (18)(19)(20)(21)(22)(23)(24) and adults (25)(26)(27)(28)(29)(30)(31)(32)(33)(34)(35)(36)(37)(38)(39)(40)(41)(42)(43)(44)(45)(46)(47)(48)(49)(50)(51)(52)(53)(54) age groups make up a great amount of the patients tested as shown in Table 1 and Figure 2(a).…”

Section: Demographic Descriptionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evolution of late presentation to care and advanced HIV in newly HIV diagnosed subjects in the Republic of Panama: 2012–2017

et al. 2020

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Most of the information on clinical factors related to HIV infection is focused on key populations and young people. Therefore, there is little information on clinical factors related to HIV infection in older persons (>45 years old). In this study, data on CD4 lymphocyte counts were analyzed on adults who are linked to care and have their first CD4 cell count done from different regions of the Republic of Panama from 2012 to 2017. Samples were grouped according to late presentation status, region of origin in the country, year, gender, and age groups. Factors associated with late presentation to care and advanced HIV were assessed on each group by multivariable logistic regression. Late presentation to care was observed in 71.6% of the evaluated subjects, and advanced HIV in 54.5%. Late presentation was associated with males (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 1.3, 95% confidence interval [CI]=1.1–1.6, p = 0.03), age greater than 45 years old (AOR = 2.3 CI= 1.8–2.9, p < 0.001), and being from regions where antiretroviral clinics are not well instituted (AOR = 2.1, CI = 1.6–2.7, p < 0.001). Despite an increase in subjects linked to care with a CD4 test performed over the years, late presentation remained constant. Therefore, prevention policies must be reformulated. Promotion of routine HIV testing, accessibility among all population groups, installation of antiretroviral clinics, and implementation of programs as rapid initiation of antiretroviral therapy should be rolled out nationally.

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“…gag and pol sequence clusters, defined by within-cluster patristic distances of ≤1.5% and bootstrap support values of ≥90%, were identified using Cluster Picker (The University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom) ( 80 ). This genetic distance threshold has been used previously for inferring transmission clusters in chronic cohorts ( 81 ). HIV genetic compartmentalization between cohorts was assessed using the fixation index (F ST ) score ( 82 ) implemented in HyPhy ( 75 ).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Weaker HLA Footprints on HIV in the Unique and Highly Genetically Admixed Host Population of Mexico

Soto-Nava

Ávila‐Ríos

Valenzuela-Ponce

et al. 2018

J Virol

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HIV circumvents HLA class I-restricted CD8+ T-cell responses through selection of escape mutations that leave characteristic mutational “footprints,” also known as HLA-associated polymorphisms (HAPs), on HIV sequences at the population level. While many HLA footprints are universal across HIV subtypes and human populations, others can be region specific as a result of the unique immunogenetic background of each host population. Using a published probabilistic phylogenetically informed model, we compared HAPs in HIV Gag and Pol (PR-RT) in 1,612 subtype B-infected, antiretroviral treatment-naive individuals from Mexico and 1,641 individuals from Canada/United States. A total of 252 HLA class I allele subtypes were represented, including 140 observed in both cohorts, 67 unique to Mexico, and 45 unique to Canada/United States. At the predefined statistical threshold of a q value of <0.2, 358 HAPs (201 in Gag, 157 in PR-RT) were identified in Mexico, while 905 (534 in Gag and 371 in PR-RT) were identified in Canada/United States. HAPs identified in Mexico included both canonical HLA-associated escape pathways and novel associations, in particular with HLA alleles enriched in Amerindian and mestizo populations. Remarkably, HLA footprints on HIV in Mexico were not only fewer but also, on average, significantly weaker than those in Canada/United States, although some exceptions were noted. Moreover, exploratory analyses suggested that the weaker HLA footprint on HIV in Mexico may be due, at least in part, to weaker and/or less reproducible HLA-mediated immune pressures on HIV in this population. The implications of these differences for natural and vaccine-induced anti-HIV immunity merit further investigation.IMPORTANCE HLA footprints on HIV identify viral regions under intense and consistent pressure by HLA-restricted immune responses and the common mutational pathways that HIV uses to evade them. In particular, HLA footprints can identify novel immunogenic regions and/or epitopes targeted by understudied HLA alleles; moreover, comparative analyses across immunogenetically distinct populations can illuminate the extent to which HIV immunogenic regions and escape pathways are shared versus population-specific pathways, information which can in turn inform the design of universal or geographically tailored HIV vaccines. We compared HLA-associated footprints on HIV in two immunogenetically distinct North American populations, those of Mexico and Canada/United States. We identify both shared and population-specific pathways of HIV adaptation but also make the surprising observation that HLA footprints on HIV in Mexico overall are fewer and weaker than those in Canada/United States, raising the possibility that HLA-restricted antiviral immune responses in Mexico are weaker, and/or escape pathways somewhat less consistent, than those in other populations.

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Identification of major routes of HIV transmission throughout Mesoamerica

Cited by 17 publications

References 55 publications

The Impact of Human Mobility on Regional and Global Efforts to Control HIV Transmission

The Impact of Human Mobility on Regional and Global Efforts to Control HIV Transmission

Evolution of late presentation to care and advanced HIV in newly HIV diagnosed subjects in the Republic of Panama: 2012–2017

Weaker HLA Footprints on HIV in the Unique and Highly Genetically Admixed Host Population of Mexico

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