Identification of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus From Methicillin-Sensitive Staphylococcus Aureus and Molecular Characterization in Quanzhou, China

Abstract

To distinguish Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) from Methicillin-Sensitive Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA) in the protein sequences level, test the susceptibility to antibiotic of all Staphylococcus aureus isolates from Quanzhou hospitals, define the virulence factor and molecular characteristics of the MRSA isolates. MRSA and MSSA Pfam protein sequences were used to extract feature vectors of 188D, n-gram and 400D. Weka software was applied to classify the two Staphylococcus aureus and performance effect was evaluated. Antibiotic susceptibility testing of the 81 Staphylococcus aureus was performed by the Mérieux Microbial Analysis Instrument. The 65 MRSA isolates were characterized by Panton-Valentine leukocidin (PVL), X polymorphic region of Protein A (spa), multilocus sequence typing test (MLST), staphylococcus chromosomal cassette mec (SCCmec) typing. After comparing the results of Weka six classifiers, the highest correctly classified rates were 91.94, 70.16, and 62.90% from 188D, n-gram and 400D, respectively. Antimicrobial susceptibility test of the 81 Staphylococcus aureus: Penicillin-resistant rate was 100%. No resistance to teicoplanin, linezolid, and vancomycin. The resistance rate of the MRSA isolates to clindamycin, erythromycin and tetracycline was higher than that of the MSSAs. Among the 65 MRSA isolates, the positive rate of PVL gene was 47.7% (31/65). Seventeen sequence types (STs) were identified among the 65 isolates, and ST59 was the most prevalent. SCCmec type III and IV were observed at 24.6 and 72.3%, respectively. Two isolates did not be typed. Twenty-one spa types were identified, spa t437 (34/65, 52.3%) was the most predominant type. MRSA major clone type of molecular typing was CC59-ST59-spa t437-IV (28/65, 43.1%). Overall, 188D feature vectors can be applied to successfully distinguish MRSA from MSSA. In Quanzhou, the detection rate of PVL virulence factor was high, suggesting a high pathogenic risk of MRSA infection. The cross-infection of CA-MRSA and HA-MRSA was presented, the molecular characteristics were increasingly blurred, HA-MRSA with typical CA-MRSA molecular characteristics has become an important cause of healthcare-related infections. CC59-ST59-spa t437-IV was the main clone type in Quanzhou, which was rare in other parts of mainland China.

Molecular characterization and virulence gene profiling of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus associated with bloodstream infections in southern China

“… Tsouklidis et al (2020) ) reported that a PVL-positive toxin was detected in more than 97% of CA-MRSA strains, but this toxin was not detected in HA-MRSA strains. In contrast, Bai et al (2021) ) found no significant difference between CA-MRSA (51.2%) and HA-MRSA (40.9%) strains in terms of the presence of PVL-positive toxin. In the present study, the positivity rates for the gene encoding PVL among the CA- and HA-MRSA isolates were 53.1 and 35.7%, respectively; therefore, the abovementioned results showing no significant difference were verified by performing further experiments ( p = 0.142; Table 5 ).…”

“…However, different regions have reported variations in the percentages of PVL-positive isolates. The detection rates of PVL were 11.1% in Taiwan, 45.2% in Guangzhou, 47.6% in Hainan, and 47.7% in Quanzhou (Wang et al, 2010;Xie et al, 2016;Li et al, 2019;Bai et al, 2021). Furthermore, a nationwide survey of MRSA isolates obtained from Chinese children at eight hospitals revealed that 40% of the isolates were PVL-positive (Geng et al, 2010b).…”

“…For instance, an important cytotoxin secreted by S. aureus is Panton-Valentine leukocidin (PVL), which is encoded by lukS-PV and lukF-PVG ( Genestier et al, 2005 ). Moreover, PVL is harbored by most CA-MRSA strains and is rarely found in HA-MRSA strains in Europe and the United States ( Deleo et al, 2010 ); however, situations differed in some regions of China ( Bai et al, 2021 ). The positivity rates for the staphylococcal enterotoxin (SE) genes, arginine catabolic mobile gene ( arcA ), leukocidin gene ( lukE ), hemolysin genes ( hla , hlb , hld , hlg , and hlg2 ), and adhesion genes ( clfA , icaA , sdrC , sdrD , and sdrE ) were found to be closely related to different types of MRSA isolates.…”

Hibifolin, a Natural Sortase A Inhibitor, Attenuates the Pathogenicity of Staphylococcus aureus and Enhances the Antibacterial Activity of Cefotaxime

“…Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and even vancomycin-resistant S. aureus (VRSA) have already threatened human health. MRSA has gained over 60% of all isolated S. aureus , and the incidence of MRAS has risen to 49% in the United States ( 3 ). Novel pathogen-specific therapeutic strategies for the prevention or treatment of serious bacterial infections have emerged, such as monoclonal antibodies (MAbs), nanomaterials, phages, and anti-virulence treatments ( 4 – 6 ).…”

Variation Between Community and Hospital Acquired Methicillin Resistant Coagulase-Positive Staphylococcus Isolates from The Nasal Carriage in The Central Region of Saudi Arabia

“…HA-CoPS isolates, the overall susceptibility to the various antibiotics tested was: cefoxitin (31%), vancomycin (55.2%), clindamycin (100%), sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim (100%), rifampin (100%), and quinupristin (100%), respectively. Bai et al [40] and Shariati et al [41] studies showed similar results. Accordingly, clindamycin, sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim, rifampin, and quinupristin seem to be more effective against HA-CoPS.…”