Identification of Mycoplasma Incognitus Infection in Patients with AIDS: An Immunohistochemical, in Situ Hybridization and Ultrastructural Study

Lo, S.-C.B.; Dawson, Monja A.; Wong, D M; Newton, Perry B.; Sonoda, Mary Ann; Engler, W.F.; Wang, R Y; Shih, Jennifer; Alter, Harvey J.; Wear, Douglas J.

doi:10.4269/ajtmh.1989.41.601

Cited by 159 publications

(55 citation statements)

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“…Attention was focused on M. fermentans in the late 1980s because of reports that it may be important as a mediator or cofactor in the development of AIDS (175,177,246). Taken in aggregate, the preponderance of evidence in subsequent studies utilizing improved detection methods, including the PCR assay, suggests that this mycoplasma is not important in the development of AIDS in the large majority of patients.…”

Section: Mycoplasma Fermentansmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mycoplasmas and Ureaplasmas as Neonatal Pathogens

Katz²,

2005

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SUMMARY The genital mycoplasmas represent a complex and unique group of microorganisms that have been associated with a wide array of infectious diseases in adults and infants. The lack of conclusive knowledge regarding the pathogenic potential of Mycoplasma and Ureaplasma spp. in many conditions is due to a general unfamiliarity of physicians and microbiology laboratories with their fastidious growth requirements, leading to difficulty in their detection; their high prevalence in healthy persons; the poor design of research studies attempting to base association with disease on the mere presence of the organisms in the lower urogenital tract; the failure to consider multifactorial aspects of diseases; and considering these genital mycoplasmas only as a last resort. The situation is now changing because of a greater appreciation of the genital mycoplasmas as perinatal pathogens and improvements in laboratory detection, particularly with regard to the development of powerful molecular nucleic acid amplification tests. This review summarizes the epidemiology of genital mycoplasmas as causes of neonatal infections and premature birth; evidence linking ureaplasmas with bronchopulmonary dysplasia; recent changes in the taxonomy of the genus Ureaplasma; the neonatal host response to mycoplasma and ureaplasma infections; advances in laboratory detection, including molecular methods; and therapeutic considerations for treatment of systemic diseases.

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Section: Mycoplasma Fermentansmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mycoplasmas and Ureaplasmas as Neonatal Pathogens

Katz²,

2005

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“…Their dependence on host factors for survival stems in part from an absence of genes encoding critical metabolic pathways that are present in many bacteria, a paucity of regulatory networks providing classic gene regulation in response to environmental cues and limitations imposed by the lack of genes for cell wall synthesis. In addition, and despite some examples of their growth and survival in intracellular environments (1,5,26,55), mycoplasmas generally occur in niches outside host cells. This changing milieu demands an adaptive survival stategy and implies the need in these wall-less organisms for a cell surface capable of dynamic host interactions, both opportunistic as well as defensive.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Distinctive Repertoire of Contingency Genes Conferring Mutation- Based Phase Variation and Combinatorial Expression of Surface Lipoproteins in Mycoplasma capricolum subsp. capricolum of the Mycoplasma mycoides Phylogenetic Cluster

Wise

Foecking²,

Röske³

et al. 2006

J Bacteriol

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The generation of surface variation among many divergent species of Mollicutes (mycoplasmas) occurs through stochastic expression patterns of diverse lipoprotein genes. The size and wide distribution of such variable gene sets in minimal (ϳ0.6-to 1.4-Mb) mycoplasmal genomes suggest their key role in the adaptation and survival of these wall-less monoderms. Diversity through variable genes is less clearly established among phylogenetically similar mycoplasmas, such as the Mycoplasma mycoides cluster of ruminant pathogens, which vary widely in host range and pathobiology. Using (i) genome sequences from two members of this clade, Mycoplasma capricolum subsp. capricolum and M. mycoides subsp. mycoides small colony biotype (SC), (ii) antibodies to specific peptide determinants of predicted M. capricolum subsp. capricolum gene products, and (iii) analysis of the membrane-associated proteome of M. capricolum subsp. capricolum, a novel set of six genes (vmcA to vmcF) expressing distinct Vmc (variable M. capricolum subsp. capricolum) lipoproteins is demonstrated. These occur at two separate loci in the M. capricolum subsp. capricolum genome, which shares striking overall similarity and gene synteny with the M. mycoides subsp. mycoides SC genome. Collectively, Vmc expression is noncoordinate and combinatorial, subject to a single-unit insertion/deletion in a 5 flanking dinucleotide repeat that governs expression of each vmc gene. All vmc genes share modular regions affecting expression and membrane translocation. In contrast, vmcA to vmcD genes at one locus express surface proteins with highly structured size-variable repeating domains, whereas vmcE to vmcF genes express products with short repeats devoid of predicted structure. These genes confer a distinctive, dynamic surface architecture that may represent adaptive differences within this important group of pathogens as well as exploitable diagnostic targets.Among the monoderms comprising the low-GϩC Firmicutes, Mollicutes (termed mycoplasmas in this report) represent a clade of organisms that displays both marked genome reduction and extensive phylogenetic divergence (21,52). Many of the Ͼ200 known mycoplasmal species (22,50) are obligate parasites and significant pathogens of vertebrate hosts. Their dependence on host factors for survival stems in part from an absence of genes encoding critical metabolic pathways that are present in many bacteria, a paucity of regulatory networks providing classic gene regulation in response to environmental cues and limitations imposed by the lack of genes for cell wall synthesis. In addition, and despite some examples of their growth and survival in intracellular environments (1,5,26,55), mycoplasmas generally occur in niches outside host cells. This changing milieu demands an adaptive survival stategy and implies the need in these wall-less organisms for a cell surface capable of dynamic host interactions, both opportunistic as well as defensive. Although the full range of such strategies is not known, the generation of membrane ...

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“…Lo et al, 1993, have reported the presence of infections due to Mycoplasma fermentans in patients with adult respiratory distress syndrome with or without systemic disease. M. fermentans can be detected in the upper and lower urogenital and respiratory tracts and bone marrow, and has been associated with a variety of systemic conditions in adults including inflammatory arthritis and pneumonia [Ainsworth et al, 2000a[Ainsworth et al, , 2001Gilroy et al, 2001;Lo et al, 1989;Schaeverbeke et al,1996;Taylor-Robinson, 1996;Tully, 1993;Waites & Talkington, 2005] It has been recovered from the throats of 16% of children with community-acquired pneumonia, some of whom had no other etiologic agent identified, but the frequency of its occurrence in healthy children is not known. [Taylor-Robinson, 1996].…”

Section: Mycoplasma Fermentans Associated To Lung Diseasesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Over the last decade, intensive studies have been carried out in order to understand the strategy employed by M. fermentans to interact with host cells and to avoid or subvert host protective measures [Rechnitzer et al, 2011]. Attention was focused on M. fermentans in the late 1980's because of reports that it may be important as a mediator or cofactor in the development of AIDS [Lo et al, 1989;Saillard et al, 1990]. The identification of mycoplasmal membrane components that participate in the adhesion of the parasite and the finding that some mycoplasmas can reside intracellularly [Rottem, 2003] open up new horizons in the study of the role of mycoplasma and host surface molecules in mycoplasma-host cell interactions [Rechnitzer et al, 2011].…”

Section: Mycoplasma Fermentans Associated To Lung Diseasesmentioning

confidence: 99%