Identification of New Respiratory Viruses in the New Millennium

Abstract

The rapid advancement of molecular tools in the past 15 years has allowed for the retrospective discovery of several new respiratory viruses as well as the characterization of novel emergent strains. The inability to characterize the etiological origins of respiratory conditions, particularly in children, led several researchers to pursue the discovery of the underlying etiology of disease. In 2001, this led to the discovery of human metapneumovirus (hMPV) and soon following that the outbreak of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) promoted an increased interest in coronavirology and the latter discovery of human coronavirus (HCoV) NL63 and HCoV-HKU1. Human bocavirus, with its four separate lineages, discovered in 2005, has been linked to acute respiratory tract infections and gastrointestinal complications. Middle East Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) represents the most recent outbreak of a completely novel respiratory virus, which occurred in Saudi Arabia in 2012 and presents a significant threat to human health. This review will detail the most current clinical and epidemiological findings to all respiratory viruses discovered since 2001.

Frequent Detection and Genetic Diversity of Human Bocavirus in Urban Sewage Samples

“…This result might reflect enhanced human gut tropism for HBoV-2 and HBoV-3 relative to HBoV-1 as already suggested by other authors (Blinkova et al 2009). Indeed, there is satisfactory evidence demonstrating an association between HBoV-1 and respiratory disease in children, and there is evidence that HBoV-2 (and possibly the HBoV-3 and HBoV-4 species) are associated with gastroenteritis (Berry et al 2015;Broccolo et al 2015). In the present study, one sample was classified as HBoV-4.…”

Comparison of Cepheid Xpert Flu/RSV XC and BioFire FilmArray for Detection of Influenza A, Influenza B, and Respiratory Syncytial Virus

“…R espiratory viral infections are among the most common acute infections in patients presenting to the emergency department (1). Optimization of care for such patients involves accurate and rapid diagnostics (2).…”

Initial performance evaluation of a spotted array Mobile Analysis Platform (MAP) for the detection of influenza A/B, RSV, and MERS coronavirus

“…Acute respiratory illnesses (ARI) caused by respiratory viruses including influenza viruses and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) affect hundreds of millions of people per year, and are the most common causes of viral infections in the respiratory tract in humans (Berry, 2015; Zimmerman, 2015; Fendrick, 2003). Each year, approximately 500 million cases of ARI are reported in the United States, with direct and indirect costs approaching $40 billion annually (Berry, 2015; Fendrick 2003).…”

“…Each year, approximately 500 million cases of ARI are reported in the United States, with direct and indirect costs approaching $40 billion annually (Berry, 2015; Fendrick 2003). …”