Identification of nonregulated pollutants in north sea‐produced water discharges

Balaam, Jan; Chan-Man, Yin L.; Roberts, Paul; Thomas, Kevin V.

doi:10.1897/08-488.1

Cited by 16 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…5 PW is a complex mixture containing a diverse range of chemical constituents. 1,[6][7][8] Organic compounds in PW, typically vary from oil droplets to large organic acids. [6][7][8] Thus, PWs exhibit a wide range of chemical and physical properties, fate and behaviors.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessing sample extraction efficiencies for the analysis of complex unresolved mixtures of organic pollutants: A comprehensive non-target approach

Samanipour

Baz-Lomba

Reid

et al. 2018

Analytica Chimica Acta

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The comprehensive extraction recovery assessment of organic analytes from complex samples such as oil field produced water (PW) is a challenging task. A targeted approach is usually used for recovery and determination of compounds in these types of analysis. Here we suggest a more comprehensive and less biased approach for the extraction recovery assessment of complex samples. This method combines conventional targeted analysis with a non-targeted approach to evaluate the extraction recovery of complex mixtures. Three generic extraction methods: liquid-liquid extraction (Lq), and solid phase extraction using HLB cartridges (HLB), and the combination of ENV+ and C8 (ENV) cartridges, were selected for evaluation. PW was divided into three parts: non-spiked, spiked level 1, and spiked level 2 for analysis. The spiked samples were used for targeted evaluation of extraction recoveries of 65 added target analytes comprising alkanes, phenols, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, producing absolute recoveries. The non-spiked samples were used for the non-targeted approach, which used a combination of the F-ratio method and apex detection algorithm. Targeted analysis showed that the use of ENV cartridges and the Lq method performed better than use of HLB cartridges, producing absolute recoveries of 53.1 ± 15.2 for ENV and 46.8 ± 13.2 for Lq versus 19.7 ± 6.7 for HLB. These two methods appeared to produce statistically similar results for recoveries of analytes, whereas they were both different from the produced recoveries via the HLB method. The non-targeted approach captured unique features that were specific to each extraction method. This approach generated 26 unique features (mass spectral ions), which were significantly different between samples and were relevant in differentiating each extract from each method. Using a combination of these targeted and non-targeted methods we evaluated the extraction recoveries of the three extraction methods for analysis of PW.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessing sample extraction efficiencies for the analysis of complex unresolved mixtures of organic pollutants: A comprehensive non-target approach

Samanipour

Baz-Lomba

Reid

et al. 2018

Analytica Chimica Acta

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“…The NP fractionation procedure used a cyano-amino-bonded silica HPLC to isolate oestrogenic compounds from the North Sea off-shore produced water extracts followed by full-scan GC-electronimpact MS to identify them [75]. Interestingly around 45% of the activity in these samples was unidentified [120] with mixtures of naphthenic acids recently being identified as responsible for the remaining activity [121]. In these studies extensive effort was made to identify the remaining causes with techniques such as comprehensive GC.…”

Section: Oestrogens In Stp Effluents and Process Water Samplesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect-Directed Analysis of Endocrine Disruptors in Aquatic Ecosystems

Houtman¹,

Legler

Thomas

2011

The Handbook of Environmental Chemistry

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The topic of endocrine disruption in the aquatic environment is a clear example of a problem-driven research area. Field observations of endocrine abnormalities in wild life have prompted the growth of scientific attention and concern about the topic. Multiple studies have reported the presence of endocrine disrupting activities in various compartments of the aquatic environment, without, at the time, knowing the cause of the observations.The application of effect-directed analysis (EDA) has shown to be a valuable approach in investigating the nature of the compounds responsible for endocrine disrupting activities in environmental samples. Various research groups have applied EDA approaches and thereby successfully identified compounds responsible for endocrine disrupting effects. The research field of endocrine disruption is thus one of the research areas that has extensively experienced the benefits of EDA. This chapter describes the issue of endocrine disruption in the aquatic environment and discusses examples of the application of EDA for the identification of responsible compounds.

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“…Produced water (PW) is subsurface formation water coproduced during oil and gas production and has been described as the largest offshore discharge associated with fossil fuel extraction [8]. Over the economic life of a producing field, the volume of PW can be more than 10 times the volume of hydrocarbon produced [9].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons removal from produced water by electrochemical process optimization

Yaqub

Isa

Ajab

et al. 2017

Ecological Chemistry and Engineering S

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Produced water is actually the wastewater separated from petroleum crude oil. Electrochemicaloxidation experiments was conducted for degradation of 16 priority polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) using DSA type Ti/IrO2 anode. Laboratory scale batch reactor was used for degradation studies. To get the maximum PAHs removal electrochemical process optimized on three independent variable current density, pH and electrolysis time. The response surface modelling (RSM) based on a Box-Behnken design was applied to get appropriate experimental design. X1, X2 and X3 are the coded factors of independent variables such as the current density, pH and electrolysis time, respectively. Maximum removal was 95.29% at optimized conditions such as current density of 9 mA/cm 2 , pH 3 and electrolysis time 3.7 h. Quadratic model was suggested best fit model. The results of the Analysis of Variances (ANOVA) for PAHs demonstrated that the model was highly significant.

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Identification of nonregulated pollutants in north sea‐produced water discharges

Cited by 16 publications

References 22 publications

Assessing sample extraction efficiencies for the analysis of complex unresolved mixtures of organic pollutants: A comprehensive non-target approach

Assessing sample extraction efficiencies for the analysis of complex unresolved mixtures of organic pollutants: A comprehensive non-target approach

Effect-Directed Analysis of Endocrine Disruptors in Aquatic Ecosystems

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons removal from produced water by electrochemical process optimization

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