Identification of novel porcine and bovine parvoviruses closely related to human parvovirus 4

Abstract

Human parvovirus 4 (PARV4), a recently discovered parvovirus found exclusively in human plasma and liver tissue, was considered phylogenetically distinct from other parvoviruses. Here, we report the discovery of two novel parvoviruses closely related to PARV4, porcine hokovirus (PHoV) and bovine hokovirus (BHoV), from porcine and bovine samples in Hong Kong. Their nearly full-length sequences were also analysed. PARV4-like viruses were detected by PCR among 44.4 % (148/333) of porcine samples (including lymph nodes, liver, serum, nasopharyngeal and faecal samples), 13 % (4/32) of bovine spleen samples and 2 % (7/362) of human serum samples that were sent for human immunodeficiency virus and hepatitis C virus antibody tests. Three distinct parvoviruses were identified, including two novel parvoviruses, PHoV and BHoV, from porcine and bovine samples and PARV4 from humans, respectively. Analysis of genome sequences from seven PHoV strains, from three BHoV strains and from one PARV4 strain showed that the two animal parvoviruses were most similar to PARV4 with 61.5-63 % nt identities and, together with PARV4 (HHoV), formed a distinct cluster within the family Parvoviridae. The three parvoviruses also differed from other parvoviruses by their relatively large predicted VP1 protein and the presence of a small unique conserved putative protein. Based on these results, we propose a separate genus, Hokovirus, to describe these three parvoviruses. The co-detection of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus, the agent associated with the recent 'high fever' disease outbreaks in pigs in China, from our porcine samples warrants further investigation.

Identification and genomic characterization of a novel porcine parvovirus (PPV6) in china

“…The identification of a novel PPV; i.e., PPV6, within the subfamily Parvovirinae provides, further insight into the viral and genetic diversity of parvoviruses. Further study is needed to explore the exact roles of PPV6, especially regarding its host range, geographical distribution, and relatedness to disease [7,9,10,12]. Although PPV4, PPV5, and PPV6 were discovered in recent years, the biological characteristics of these viruses and relatedness to diseases are still not fully understood.…”

“…In addition, PPV4 and PPV5 were both identified in clinical samples from swine herds, forming a distinct branch with bovine parvovirus 2 (BPV2) based on phylogenetic analysis, which led to consideration of these viruses being classified in a novel genus; i.e., Copiparvovirus [11,12]. Within parvoviruses, six different phylogenetic groups of parvoviruses have been identified from pigs, including classic PPV, PPV2, PPV3, PPV4, PPV5, and porcine bocaviruses (PBoV) [7][8][9][10][11][12]. The reported overall prevalence of parvoviruses in pig herds has varied from 6.4% to 20% for PPV2, 9.7% to 12.4% for PPV3, 1.5% to 39.7% for PBoV, and 2.6% to 6.6% for PPV5 [14][15][16][17].…”

“…An additional ORF; i.e., ORF3, encodes an accessory protein and has been identified in some parvoviruses, such as NP1, an NSP only found in bocavirus and PPV4 [6,7]. In recent years, with the use of molecular assays and pathogen discovery tools, a number of novel parvoviruses belonging to the subfamily Parvovirinae have been identified in various animal species and humans, including human parvovirus 4 (PARV4), porcine hokovirus (PPV3), ovine partetravirus, PPV4, and PPV5 [6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13]. Among them, PPV3 and ovine partetravirus have been shown to have a close relationship to PARV4, and currently have been proposed to be classified into the genus Tetraparvovirus by the ICTV [3,4].…”

The Art of Animal Cell Culture for Virus Isolation

“…Thus, serum itself has often been the source of mycoplasma and virus contamination [9][10][11][12][13][14]. Viruses that may be common contaminants of bovine calf or FBS include: bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) [15][16][17][18][19], bovine polyomavirus [20,21], bovine parvovirus [22][23][24] (J. Lednicky, unpublished), and bovine herpes viruses [25][26][27][28]. Inadvertent contamination of cultured cells by these serum-derived viruses has obvious repercussions not only with regard to data generation, but also because it exerts a toll on time wasted in the performance of laboratory work, and the costs thereof.…”

Generation of recombinant porcine parvovirus virus-like particles in Saccharomyces cerevisiae and development of virus-specific monoclonal antibodies

“…Five different groups of porcine parvoviruses (PPV) have been identified: classic PPV (PPV1), PPV2, PPV3 (known as porcine PARV4, hokovirus, or partetravirus), and PPV4 and porcine bocaviruses, which all have substantial genetic divergence [9][10][11][12]. Recently, a new parvovirus provisionally proposed to be named as PPV5 was discovered in the United States [13].…”