Identification of OH groups on SrTiO3(100)-(13×13)-R33.7° reconstructed surface by non-contact atomic force microscopy and scanning tunneling microscopy

Katsube, Daiki; Shimizu, Ryo; Sugimoto, Yoshiaki; Hitosugi, Taro; Abe, Masayuki

doi:10.1063/5.0139493

Cited by 5 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 30 publications

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“…Tar captured on the porous catalytic earth electrode and in the tar collection space (316) both act as a barrier for the gas and hence tar removal from the bottom exit (317) has to be carried out gradually. Additional exit ports (309,310) provide facilities for high voltage connection and temperature measurement while the tars collected in the region (316) are pumped out from the bottom exit (317).…”

Section: Model Syngas and Tarmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In situ spectroscopic techniques were developed for the detection of reaction intermediates [302,303] and reaction-environment-dependent dynamic evolution of active sites in the catalyst (i.e., the transformation between the surface terrace and step sites) [304]. Atomically resolved mapping of catalyst surfaces was achieved using High Angle Annular Dark Field Scanning Transmission Electron Microscopy (HAADF-STEM) [280,305,306], Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM), Scanning Tunnelling Microscopy (STM) or combined AFM and STM have been successfully used for the in situ observation of oxygen vacancy sites and their generation [307][308][309][310][311][312]. The noncontact AFM provides an exceptional spatial resolution due to the use of a terminal oxygen atom functionalized tip [309,310].…”

Section: Analytical Techniques and In Situ Observation Of Catalyst/co...mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Atomically resolved mapping of catalyst surfaces was achieved using High Angle Annular Dark Field Scanning Transmission Electron Microscopy (HAADF-STEM) [280,305,306], Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM), Scanning Tunnelling Microscopy (STM) or combined AFM and STM have been successfully used for the in situ observation of oxygen vacancy sites and their generation [307][308][309][310][311][312]. The noncontact AFM provides an exceptional spatial resolution due to the use of a terminal oxygen atom functionalized tip [309,310]. Noncontact-AFM was used in the in situ imposition excitation field (such as UV-radiation) or annealing of the catalyst.…”

Section: Analytical Techniques and In Situ Observation Of Catalyst/co...mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Hydrogen, Ammonia and Symbiotic/Smart Fertilizer Production Using Renewable Feedstock and CO2 Utilization through Catalytic Processes and Nonthermal Plasma with Novel Catalysts and In Situ Reactive Separation: A Roadmap for Sustainable and Innovation-Based Technology

Akay

2023

Catalysts

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This multi-disciplinary paper aims to provide a roadmap for the development of an integrated, process-intensified technology for the production of H2, NH3 and NH3-based symbiotic/smart fertilizers (referred to as target products) from renewable feedstock with CO2 sequestration and utilization while addressing environmental issues relating to the emerging Food, Energy and Water shortages as a result of global warming. The paper also discloses several novel processes, reactors and catalysts. In addition to the process intensification character of the processes used and reactors designed in this study, they also deliver novel or superior products so as to lower both capital and processing costs. The critical elements of the proposed technology in the sustainable production of the target products are examined under three-sections: (1) Materials: They include natural or synthetic porous water absorbents for NH3 sequestration and symbiotic and smart fertilizers (S-fertilizers), synthesis of plasma interactive supported catalysts including supported piezoelectric catalysts, supported high-entropy catalysts, plasma generating-chemical looping and natural catalysts and catalysts based on quantum effects in plasma. Their performance in NH3 synthesis and CO2 conversion to CO as well as the direct conversion of syngas to NH3 and NH3—fertilizers are evaluated, and their mechanisms investigated. The plasma-generating chemical-looping catalysts (Catalysts, 2020, 10, 152; and 2016, 6, 80) were further modified to obtain a highly active piezoelectric catalyst with high levels of chemical and morphological heterogeneity. In particular, the mechanism of structure formation in the catalysts BaTi1−rMrO3−x−y{#}xNz and M3O4−x−y{#}xNz/Si = X was studied. Here, z = 2y/3, {#} represents an oxygen vacancy and M is a transition metal catalyst. (2) Intensified processes: They include, multi-oxidant (air, oxygen, CO2 and water) fueled catalytic biomass/waste gasification for the generation of hydrogen-enriched syngas (H2, CO, CO2, CH4, N2); plasma enhanced syngas cleaning with ca. 99% tar removal; direct syngas-to-NH3 based fertilizer conversion using catalytic plasma with CO2 sequestration and microwave energized packed bed flow reactors with in situ reactive separation; CO2 conversion to CO with BaTiO3−x{#}x or biochar to achieve in situ O2 sequestration leading to higher CO2 conversion, biochar upgrading for agricultural applications; NH3 sequestration with CO2 and urea synthesis. (3) Reactors: Several patented process-intensified novel reactors were described and utilized. They are all based on the Multi-Reaction Zone Reactor (M-RZR) concept and include, a multi-oxidant gasifier, syngas cleaning reactor, NH3 and fertilizer production reactors with in situ NH3 sequestration with mineral acids or CO2. The approach adopted for the design of the critical reactors is to use the critical materials (including natural catalysts and soil additives) in order to enhance intensified H2 and NH3 production. Ultimately, they become an essential part of the S-fertilizer system, providing efficient fertilizer use and enhanced crop yield, especially under water and nutrient stress. These critical processes and reactors are based on a process intensification philosophy where critical materials are utilized in the acceleration of the reactions including NH3 production and carbon dioxide reduction. When compared with the current NH3 production technology (Haber–Bosch process), the proposed technology achieves higher ammonia conversion at much lower temperatures and atmospheric pressure while eliminating the costly NH3 separation process through in situ reactive separation, which results in the production of S-fertilizers or H2 or urea precursor (ammonium carbamate). As such, the cost of NH3-based S-fertilizers can become competitive with small-scale distributed production platforms compared with the Haber–Bosch fertilizers.

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Section: Model Syngas and Tarmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Analytical Techniques and In Situ Observation Of Catalyst/co...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Analytical Techniques and In Situ Observation Of Catalyst/co...mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Hydrogen, Ammonia and Symbiotic/Smart Fertilizer Production Using Renewable Feedstock and CO2 Utilization through Catalytic Processes and Nonthermal Plasma with Novel Catalysts and In Situ Reactive Separation: A Roadmap for Sustainable and Innovation-Based Technology

Akay

2023

Catalysts

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“…In addition to the fabrication of functional thin films, the development of analytical techniques is essential for the nanoarchitectonics of thin films and their applications in applied physics. These include techniques such as probe microscopy for direct observation of atomic and molecular images, 74,75) and spectroscopic techniques such as photoelectron characterization. 76,77) Vibrational spectroscopy, such as IR, is a versatile and very useful method for analyzing thin films of more general applicability.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Multiple-angle incidence resolution spectrometry: applications in nanoarchitectonics and applied physics

Shioya,

Mori,

Ariga

et al. 2024

Jpn. J. Appl. Phys.

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The cutting-edge thin film studies using the multiple-angle incidence resolution spectrometry (MAIRS) are introduced from the principle to forefront applications in a wide variety of research fields covering semiconductor material with respect to nanoarchitectonics. MAIRS basically reveals quantitatively optical anisotropy in thin films, which is mostly used for quantitative molecular orientation analysis of each chemical group for chemistry purposes. This works powerfully especially when the material has poor crystallinity that cannot be analyzed by X-ray diffraction analysis. As a matter of fact, MAIRS works as a role that compensates for the diffraction techniques, and the combination of MAIRS and the diffraction techniques has already established as the most powerful technique not to miss the molecular aggregation structure in thin films. In this review, in addition, another application for physics purposes is also introduced where phonon in thin films is discriminated from normal infrared absorption bands by using the MAIRS technique.

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“…Scanning probe microscopy (SPM) is a powerful method for visualizing atoms and molecules on surfaces in three dimensions with high resolution or for measuring the hardness of materials. 1)3) Recently, atomic resolution measurements have been performed on metal oxide surfaces such as TiO 2 , 4),5) SrTiO 3 , 6), 7) and LaAlO 3 . 8) Imaging a surface using SPM typically takes from several minutes to 10 min, which results in distortion of the surface image due to the large influence of thermal drift in the SPM surface image measurement at room temperature.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Time-reduction imaging method for scanning-probe microscopy using a compressed sensing algorithm based on sequential reconstruction method

Ueda,

Zhuo,

Hou

et al. 2023

J. Ceram. Soc. Japan

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The surface image measurement time was reduced by data completion using a compressed sensing algorithm in the image-acquisition of scanning probe microscopy. In particular, by reducing the number of acquisition points of the surface-roughness image and reconstructing the image using estimated values, acquiring the surface image at one-eighth of the data-measurement time became possible. The reduced measurement time was shown to reduce the influence of thermal drift during image capture. The real time surface image demonstrated that reconstruction is possible during surface image acquisition.

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Identification of OH groups on SrTiO3(100)-(13×13)-R33.7° reconstructed surface by non-contact atomic force microscopy and scanning tunneling microscopy

Cited by 5 publications

References 30 publications

Hydrogen, Ammonia and Symbiotic/Smart Fertilizer Production Using Renewable Feedstock and CO2 Utilization through Catalytic Processes and Nonthermal Plasma with Novel Catalysts and In Situ Reactive Separation: A Roadmap for Sustainable and Innovation-Based Technology

Hydrogen, Ammonia and Symbiotic/Smart Fertilizer Production Using Renewable Feedstock and CO2 Utilization through Catalytic Processes and Nonthermal Plasma with Novel Catalysts and In Situ Reactive Separation: A Roadmap for Sustainable and Innovation-Based Technology

Multiple-angle incidence resolution spectrometry: applications in nanoarchitectonics and applied physics

Time-reduction imaging method for scanning-probe microscopy using a compressed sensing algorithm based on sequential reconstruction method

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