Identification of ovine herpesvirus-2 infection in sheep

Baxter, S. I. F.; Wiyono, Agus; Pow, I.; Reid, H.W.

doi:10.1007/s007050050121

Cited by 43 publications

(30 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…Without causing clinically significant damage to its carrier host, the virus reactivates from the latent to the lytic mode, during which infectious virus is produced and transmitted to maintain viral reservoirs and to induce disease in other species. Lymphocytes are host cells for OvHV-2 in sheep, although which subsets are infected has not been clearly defined (2,10). Little is known about the nature of the virus-carrier host relationship, such as the sites of productive viral infection.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Shedding of Ovine Herpesvirus 2 in Sheep Nasal Secretions: the Predominant Mode for Transmission

Taus

Lewis

et al. 2004

J Clin Microbiol

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Ovine herpesvirus 2 (OvHV-2), the major causative agent of malignant catarrhal fever in ruminant species worldwide, has never been propagated in vitro. Using real-time PCR, a striking, short-lived, peak of viral DNA, ranging from 10 5 to over 10 8 copies/2 g of DNA, was detected in nasal secretions from over 60.7% of adolescent sheep (n ‫؍‬ 56) at some point during the period from 6 to 9 months of age. In contrast, only about 18% of adult sheep (n ‫؍‬ 33) experienced a shedding episode during the study period. The general pattern of the appearance of viral DNA in nasal secretions was a dramatic rise and subsequent fall within 24 to 36 h, implying a single cycle of viral replication. These episodes occurred sporadically and infrequently, but over the 3-month period most of the 56 lambs (33, or 60.7%) experienced at least one episode. No corresponding fluctuations in DNA levels were found in either peripheral blood leukocytes or plasma. In a DNase protection assay, complete, enveloped OvHV-2 virions were demonstrated in the nasal secretions of all sheep examined during the time when they were experiencing an intense shedding episode. OvHV-2 infectivity in nasal secretions was also demonstrated by aerosolization of the secretions into OvHV-2-negative sheep. The data herein show that nasal shedding is the major mode of OvHV-2 transmission among domestic sheep and that adolescents represent the highest risk group for transmission.

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mentioning

confidence: 99%

Shedding of Ovine Herpesvirus 2 in Sheep Nasal Secretions: the Predominant Mode for Transmission

Taus

Lewis

et al. 2004

J Clin Microbiol

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“…Though we did not attempt other transmission routes in this study, there have been several reports that no OvHV-2 DNA was detected in the urinary bladder [2], urine or faeces [7,8]. Consequently, it is suggested that nasal secretions play an active role in transmission of the virus among sheep.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 85%

“…Li et al [12] reported that lambs could be raised free of the virus when they were separated from the flock at 2.5 months of age. On the other hand, Baxter et al [2] reported that lambs were infected at very young ages of under 2 months. In our unpublished data, most lambs in a flock became infected with OvHV-2 between 2 and 6 months after birth; however, all the lambs born in the flock the next year were infected within 1 month after birth.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Experimental Transmission of Ovine Herpesvirus-2 in Sheep

Nishimori

Ishihara

Kanno

et al. 2004

The Journal of Veterinary Medical Science

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ABSTRACT. Transmission of ovine herpesvirus-2 (OvHV-2) in sheep via natural contact and nasal secretions was examined. OvHV-2-free lambs were produced by separating newborn lambs from their mothers within 5 days of birth and raising them in an isolation facility. Transmission experiments via natural contact were conducted by keeping OvHV-2-free lambs with OvHV-2-infected sheep of different ages. Six of the infected ewes in this experiment were pregnant and gave birth during the experimental period. OvHV-2 was not transmitted from the adult sheep, though viral DNA was consistently detected in their peripheral blood leukocytes (PBL). On the othe r hand, OvHV-2 was transmitted from recently infected lambs to sheep at 10 or 12 weeks after the onset of contact. In addition, we attempted the experimental transmission of OvHV-2 via nasal secretions, by transferring nasal washings from infected sheep to the nostrils of uninfected sheep. Sheep receiving the nasal washings from infected adult sheep maintained their negative status for 15 months, whereas sheep receiving nasal washings from recently infected lambs acquired OvHV-2 by 8 months. The results of these experiments support that OvHV-2 is more easily transmitted to negative sheep by recently infected lambs than by adult sheep. Further, it is supposed that the nasal cavity is a portal for entry and shedding of infectious OvHV-2 in sheep. KEY WORDS: malignant catarrhal fever, nasal secretion, ovine, ovine herpesvirus-2, transmission.

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“…However, other studies have documented spread of OvHV-2 from sheep to bison over distances of up to 5 km [49]. The infection with OvHV-2 predominantly occurs during the perinatal period [6]. Incubation periods after experimental inoculation of cattle are 2-12 weeks [80].…”

Section: Transmission and Incidencementioning

confidence: 99%

“…MCF is characterized by extensive pathological changes with little evidence of viral antigen in affected organs, although viral DNA can be detected by in situ hybridisation or PCR [6,13]. Experimental infection of OvHV-2 and AlHV-1 in rabbits has given insights into the pathogenesis of the disease.…”

Section: Pathogenesismentioning

confidence: 99%