Intraoperative Adjunct Methods for Localization in Primary Hyperparathyroidism T he curative treatment of primary hyperparathyroidism (pHPT) is surgery. The causative agent of the disease in pHPT is parathyroid adenomas originating from a single gland in 80-85% of the cases. After the third quarter of the last century, preoperative imaging methods have been rapidly developed, most of the pathological glands could be determined. In addition, intraoperative gamma probe application, ultrasonography (USG), methylene blue, and/ or frozen section examination are being used to increase the success in parathyroidectomy. Recently, promising studies regarding different parathyroid imaging modalities with optical technologies to identify the intraoperative parathyroid glands have been noteworthy. Currently, bilateral neck exploration (BNE) is the gold standard in the surgical treatment of pHPT. [1] However, with the contribution of imaging modalities and especially intraoperative parathyroid hormone (PTH) mea-Primary hyperparathyroidism (pHPT) is a frequently seen endocrine disease, and its main treatment is surgery. In the majority of pHPT, the disease involves only a single gland, and the majority of the pathological glands can be determined by preoperative localization methods.In addition to preoperative localization studies in parathyroidectomy, the use of adjunct methods to improve intraoperative localization in order to increase success of surgery is becoming widespread. These methods include different approaches, mainly intraoperative parathyroid hormone (PTH) measurement, followed by intraoperative gamma probe application, intraoperative ultrasonography, parathyroid imaging with methylene blue, and frozen section examination. Recently, especially promising new imaging methods have been described in the literature with various optical technologies to increase the localization of the parathyroid glands and to evaluate their viability. These methods include parathyroid imaging with autofluorescence, indocyanine green imaging with autofluorescence, autofluorescence imaging with methylene blue, autofluorescence imaging with 5-aminolevulinic acid, optical coherence tomography, laser speckle contrast imaging, dynamic optical contrast imaging, and Raman spectroscopy. Currently, minimally invasive parathyroidectomy has become the standard treatment for selected pHPT patients with the aid of preoperative imaging and intraoperative auxiliary methods. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the routinely used new promising intraoperative adjunct methods in pHPT.