Identification of Potential Mechanisms of Rk1 Combination with Rg5 in the Treatment of Type II Diabetes Mellitus by Integrating Network Pharmacology and Experimental Validation

Abstract

In this study, we aimed to explore the potential targets and functional mechanisms of Rk1 combined with Rg5 (Rk1+Rg5) against type II diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Network pharmacology and molecular docking were used to predict and verify the targets and signaling pathways of Rk1+Rg5 against T2DM. The results were further confirmed by a db/db mouse model and a model using PA-induced L6 cells. According to network pharmacology, a total of 250 core targets of Rk1+Rg5 towards T2DM were identified; the insulin resistance signaling pathways were enriched by KEGG. Results of molecular docking indicated good binding affinity of Rk1 and Rg5 to Akt1. In vivo and in vitro studies further showed that Rk1+Rg5 is an inhibitor of skeletal muscle insulin resistance. The results showed that Rk1+Rg5 significantly improved the hyperglycemic state of db/db mice, alleviated dyslipidemia, and promoted skeletal muscle glucose uptake. This phenomenon was closely related to the alleviation of the insulin resistance in skeletal muscles. Finally, the combination activated the Akt signaling pathway and promoted GLUT4 translocation to the cell membrane for glucose uptake. Altogether, our findings, for the first time, demonstrate that the combination of Rk1 and Rg5 could be beneficial for anti-T2DM, possibly involving ameliorated insulin resistance.

Yinshan Zhengyao: exploring the power of food and inheriting healthy thoughts

“…Ginsenosides, as the main active ingredients of Ginseng Radix Et Rhizoma, can mainly be divided into two categories: protopanaxadiol (PPD)-and protopanaxatriol (PPT)-type saponins [15] . PPDtype saponins have shown significant hypoglycemic effects in a T2DM mouse model [16] . Furthermore, ginsenosides Rk1 and Rg5, core active substances in PPD-type saponins, effectively improve insulin resistance in skeletal muscle by modulating glucose metabolism, thereby reducing fasting blood glucose and lipid levels [17] .…”