“…In order to improve the computational efficiency of MCS simulation, surrogate models have been developed to establish the relationship between the random variables and the response of geotechnical structures (e.g., the relationship between soil strength parameters and slope sliding displacement). The developed surrogate models within the literature include but not limited to response surface method (RSM), [31][32][33][34][35] artificial neural network (ANN), 36,37 support vector machine (SVM), 38,39 multivariate adaptive regression splines (MARS), 40 random forest (RF), [41][42][43] convolutional neural network (CNN). Response surface method is widely used in slope reliability analysis due to its simplicity.…”