“…In recent years, several feature vector-based approaches have been reported, including APPEL, AllerTOP, AllergenFP, AllerCatPro, ProAll-D (Cui et al, 2007;Dimitrov et al, 2013;Dimitrov et al, 2014;Nguyen et al, 2022;Shanthappa and Kumar, 2022). In general, they take sequence-derived compositional, evolutionary, structural and physicochemical information into consideration and achieve allergenic protein classification by using machine learning or deep learning models (Wang et al, 2021;Ao et al, 2022;Wu et al, 2023). For example, random forest (RF), support vector machine (SVM), decision tree (DT), k-nearest neighbors (KNN) and multilayer perceptron (MLP) were employed to establish AlgPred 2.0 on the basis of composition/evolutionary information-based features (Zhang et al, 2007).…”