“…Since then, NPY has been one of the most studied appetite-regulating hormones in fish. It has been cloned and/or shown to regulate feeding in several groups, including Characiformes (Pereira et al, 2015), Cypriniformes [(e.g., goldfish, zebrafish (Yokobori et al, 2012), blunt snout bream Megalobrama amblycephala (Xu et al, 2016), grass carp Ctenopharyngodon idellus (Jin et al, 2015), Jian carp ( Cyprinus carpio ) (Tang et al, 2014), Ya fish (Wei et al, 2014)], Gadiformes (Atlantic cod Kortner et al, 2011; Tuziak et al, 2014); Gonorynchiformes (milkfish Chanos chanos , Lin et al, 2016); Perciformes (yellowtail Seriola quinqueradiata Hosomi et al, 2014, Astatotilapia burtoni Grone et al, 2012, cunner Tautogolabrus adspersus Babichuk and Volkoff, 2013, orange-spotted grouper Epinephelus coioides Tang et al, 2013, sea bass Leal et al, 2013, mandarin fish, Siniperca chuatsi Sun et al, 2014, cobia Rachycentron canadum Van Nguyen et al, 2013, gourami Trichogaster pectoralis Boonanuntanasarn et al, 2012); Pleuronectiformes (olive flounder Wang et al, 2015, winter flounder MacDonald and Volkoff, 2009a, Brazilian flounder Paralichthys orbignyanus Campos et al, 2012), Salmoniformes (e.g., rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss Aldegunde and Mancebo, 2006, Atlantic salmon Valen et al, 2011; Kim et al, 2015), Siluriformes (channel catfish, Peterson et al, 2012; Schroeter et al, 2015); Tetraodontiformes (tiger puffer Takifugu rubripes Kamijo et al, 2011) as well as elasmobranchs [(e.g., winter skate Leucoraja ocellata , Rajiforme (MacDonald and Volkoff, 2009b) and spotted catshark ( Scyliorhinus canicula , Carcharhiniforme) Mulley et al, 2014)] and holocephalans (elephant fish Chimaeriformes; Larsson et al, 2009). The majority of these studies indicate that NPY has a widespread distribution and is present in both brain and intestinal tract, that it acts as an orexigenic factor and that its expression is affected by feeding and fasting.…”