Identification of swine H1N2/pandemic H1N1 reassortant influenza virus in pigs, United States

Ali, Ahmed; Khatri, Mahesh; Wang, Leyi; Saif, Y. M.; Lee, Chang-Won

doi:10.1016/j.vetmic.2012.02.014

Cited by 45 publications

(39 citation statements)

References 33 publications

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“…The M gene of the 2009/H1N1 virus plays an important role in its transmissibility [29,30], and both the PA and NS genes of 2009/H1N1 virus can make an H5N1 influenza virus highly transmissible by respiratory droplet in guinea pigs [26]. H3N2, H1N1, and H1N2 influenza viruses bearing different genes from the 2009/H1N1 virus have been detected in pigs in many countries since 2009 [31][32][33][34][35][36][37][38][39][40], and it would be of value to fully evaluate the biologic properties of these viruses.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Novel triple reassortant H1N2 influenza viruses bearing six internal genes of the pandemic 2009/H1N1 influenza virus were detected in pigs in China

Qiao¹,

Liu²,

Yang³

et al. 2014

Journal of Clinical Virology

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Novel triple reassortant H1N2 influenza viruses bearing six internal genes of the pandemic 2009/H1N1 influenza virus were detected in pigs in China

Qiao¹,

Liu²,

Yang³

et al. 2014

Journal of Clinical Virology

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“…Thus, if two influenza viruses infect one pig concurrently, they may randomly exchange gene segments, resulting in novel reassortant viruses through an event called reassortment. Since the first reassortant influenza virus containing A(H1N1)pdm09 genes was found in pigs in 2009 in Hong Kong (19), similar reassortant viruses containing genes from influenza viruses endemic in pigs and A(H1N1)pdm09 have been reported from other countries, including novel reassortant H1N2 viruses in the United Kingdom and Italy (20,21); reassortant H1N1 viruses in Germany and Thailand (15,22); and reassortant H1N1, H1N2, and H3N2 viruses in the United States (23)(24)(25). In addition, reassortant H3N2 viruses were isolated from mink and swine in Canada (26).…”

mentioning

confidence: 89%

Pathogenicity and Transmissibility of Novel Reassortant H3N2 Influenza Viruses with 2009 Pandemic H1N1 Genes in Pigs

Shen

Liu

et al. 2015

J Virol

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“…The pH1N1 virus has established itself as the dominant circulating seasonal H1N1 virus, and based on extensive surveillance studies in swine, reverse zoonosis has been identified worldwide (10)(11)(12)(13)(14)(15)(16)(17). pH1N1 harbors the ability to be transmitted very efficiently from human to human based on transmission analyses from the 2009 outbreak and detailed ferret transmission studies (73).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Since the emergence of 2009 pandemic pH1N1 virus, reverse zoonosis to swine has been globally observed (7)(8)(9)(10)(11)(12)(13)(14). North American classical swine viruses, European or Eurasian avian virus-like swine viruses, and triple reassortment of internal gene (TRIG) swine viruses cocirculate in swine populations today (15).…”

Section: Importancementioning

confidence: 99%

“…In the past century, four IAV pandemics have occurred, i.e., 1918, 1956, 1968, and 2009 (4), and the last three events resulted from reassortment events occurring between IAVs of different origins (5). The 2009 pandemic resulted from triple reassortment of human, avian, and North American and Eurasian swine-origin viruses (6), and through competitive exclusion (4), this pandemic strain has become the dominant circulating virus, replacing the previous seasonal H1N1 strains of IAV.Since the emergence of 2009 pandemic pH1N1 virus, reverse zoonosis to swine has been globally observed (7)(8)(9)(10)(11)(12)(13)(14). North American classical swine viruses, European or Eurasian avian virus-like swine viruses, and triple reassortment of internal gene (TRIG) swine viruses cocirculate in swine populations today (15).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Swine Influenza Virus PA and Neuraminidase Gene Reassortment into Human H1N1 Influenza Virus Is Associated with an Altered Pathogenic Phenotype Linked to Increased MIP-2 Expression

Dlugolenski

Jones

Howerth

et al. 2015

J Virol

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Swine are susceptible to infection by both avian and human influenza viruses, and this feature is thought to contribute to novel reassortant influenza viruses. In this study, the influenza virus reassortment rate in swine and human cells was determined. Coinfection of swine cells with 2009 pandemic H1N1 virus (huH1N1) and an endemic swine H1N2 (A/swine/Illinois/02860/09) virus (swH1N2) resulted in a 23% reassortment rate that was independent of ␣2,3-or ␣2,6-sialic acid distribution on the cells. The reassortants had altered pathogenic phenotypes linked to introduction of the swine virus PA and neuraminidase (NA) into huH1N1. In mice, the huH1N1 PA and NA mediated increased MIP-2 expression early postinfection, resulting in substantial pulmonary neutrophilia with enhanced lung pathology and disease. The findings support the notion that swine are a mixing vessel for influenza virus reassortants independent of sialic acid distribution. These results show the potential for continued reassortment of the 2009 pandemic H1N1 virus with endemic swine viruses and for reassortants to have increased pathogenicity linked to the swine virus NA and PA genes which are associated with increased pulmonary neutrophil trafficking that is related to MIP-2 expression. IMPORTANCEInfluenza A viruses can change rapidly via reassortment to create a novel virus, and reassortment can result in possible pandemics. Reassortments among subtypes from avian and human viruses led to the 1957 (H2N2 subtype) and 1968 (H3N2 subtype) human influenza pandemics. Recent analyses of circulating isolates have shown that multiple genes can be recombined from human, avian, and swine influenza viruses, leading to triple reassortants. Understanding the factors that can affect influenza A virus reassortment is needed for the establishment of disease intervention strategies that may reduce or preclude pandemics. The findings from this study show that swine cells provide a mixing vessel for influenza virus reassortment independent of differential sialic acid distribution. The findings also establish that circulating neuraminidase (NA) and PA genes could alter the pathogenic phenotype of the pandemic H1N1 virus, resulting in enhanced disease. The identification of such factors provides a framework for pandemic modeling and surveillance. E ach year, influenza A viruses (IAVs) cause epidemics with high morbidity and some mortality in humans (1). In avian species, IAV infection generally is associated with mild disease, and it is only when the virus crosses species barriers that pathogenic traits are attributed to infection (2). IAV is frequently associated with spillover events, as numerous species are susceptible to IAV. Often, reassortment of IAV leads to a subtype or variant that has not previously infected humans, and as the virus adapts and is transmitted more easily, a pandemic event may loom. IAV is the cause of Ͼ30,000 deaths in the United States and Ͼ500,000 deaths worldwide annually (3). In the past century, four IAV pandemics have occurred, i.e....

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Identification of swine H1N2/pandemic H1N1 reassortant influenza virus in pigs, United States

Cited by 45 publications

References 33 publications

Novel triple reassortant H1N2 influenza viruses bearing six internal genes of the pandemic 2009/H1N1 influenza virus were detected in pigs in China

Novel triple reassortant H1N2 influenza viruses bearing six internal genes of the pandemic 2009/H1N1 influenza virus were detected in pigs in China

Pathogenicity and Transmissibility of Novel Reassortant H3N2 Influenza Viruses with 2009 Pandemic H1N1 Genes in Pigs

Swine Influenza Virus PA and Neuraminidase Gene Reassortment into Human H1N1 Influenza Virus Is Associated with an Altered Pathogenic Phenotype Linked to Increased MIP-2 Expression

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