Identification of the materials used in an Eastern Jin Chinese ink stick

Wei, Shuya; Fang, Xiaoyang; Yang, Jun; Cao, Xuejun.; Pintus, Valentina; Schreiner, Manfred; Song, Guangtao

doi:10.1016/j.culher.2012.02.001

Cited by 35 publications

(41 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…These results further confirm the PAHs findings. However, these marker compounds were not detected in sample I and modern samples, which is probably due to different methods of making pine-soot [13].…”

Section: The Raw Materials Of Inkmentioning

confidence: 89%

“…Since the Wei-Jin period, the mature concave inkstone, with the specific function of grinding and containing ink, became the main type of inkstone and is still used until today [8,11]. Animal glue was also found in one ingot-type inkstick of the Eastern Jin period (317-420 AD) [13]. Taken together, these findings are likely to support the assumption that the morphological evolution of inkstones was closely related to the ingredients and manufacturing techniques of artificial inks from the Western Han Dynasty to the Wei-Jin period (Additional file 1: Figure S1).…”

Section: The Co-evolution Between Ink Manufacture and Inkstone Shapesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…2 FTIR spectra of the archaeological residues, the modern pine soot, and the modern inkstick Fig. 3 Raman spectra of the archaeological residues, the modern pine soot, and the modern inkstick Table 1; black dots refer to plasticizers absorbed by samples stored in plastic bags and other contaminants which may have been introduced during the extraction or analytical procedures in comparison with blank sample of the main PAHs, especially the relative amount of S5 (m/z 252), which is above 20% in pine-soot and less than 17% in oil-soot [4,13]. Accordingly, GC-MS in the selected ion mode (SIM) was also carried out to examine the relative abundances of the main PAHs in the archaeological residues.…”

Section: The Raw Materials Of Inkmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…On the other hand, several attempts have been made to examine the chemical and physical properties of Chinese ink: Swider et al [12]. adopted Photon Correlation Spectroscopy (PCS) size measurements and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to characterize the size and morphology of soot particles; Wei et al [4,13]. set up a criterion to differentiate the two main types of Chinese ink (pine-soot and oil-soot ink) using pyrolysis-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (Py/GCMS), and then studied the ingredients of an Eastern Jin Chinese inkstick (AD 317-420).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Identification of the proto-inkstone by organic residue analysis: a case study from the Changle Cemetery in China

2018

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The inkstone is a specific writing implement in China that was popularized since the Han Dynasty (202 BC-AD 220). A rectangular/round grinding plate accompanied with a grinding stone is considered as a kind of proto-inkstone. However, little scientific investigation has been performed to support this hypothesis. In this paper, a micro-destructive approach, including Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Raman spectroscopy and gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC-MS), were employed to analyse the black residues on a grinding plate and a grinding stone excavated from the Changle Cemetery (202 BC-AD 8) in northwestern China. The FTIR and Raman analyses indicated that the residues were ancient ink. GC-MS analysis further identified that the residues were pinesoot ink, based on the relative abundances of the main polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, as well as the detection of conifer biomarkers. The trace of animal glue was not detected in the residues; thus, the ink was possibly formed as small pellets and the small grinding stone was necessary to assist during the ink-grinding process. This study confirms that this set of stone implements is indeed an early type of inkstone, and offers some insight into the co-evolution relationship between ink production and inkstone shapes.

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Section: The Raw Materials Of Inkmentioning

confidence: 89%

Section: The Co-evolution Between Ink Manufacture and Inkstone Shapesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: The Raw Materials Of Inkmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Identification of the proto-inkstone by organic residue analysis: a case study from the Changle Cemetery in China

2018

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“…At temperatures above 600 • C, 16 compounds derived from lignin and formed at lower temperatures were not detected in the pyrogram is likely due to conversion of the products into lower molecular fragments (gaseous species). Considering all pyrograms the identified compounds were: guaiacol (9), 4-methylguaiacol (10), 4-vinylguaiacol (11), eugenol (12), 4-methylsyringol (17), vanillin (18), homovanillin (19) (27), syringaldehyde (28), acetosyringone (29) and syringylacetone (30). These results suggest that the degradation of lignin was excessive at 600 • C, resulting in unidentifiable fragments of pyrolysis.…”

Section: Study Of Pyrolysis Temperaturementioning

confidence: 87%

In situ determination of the syringyl/guaiacyl ratio of residual lignin in pre-bleached eucalypt kraft pulps by analytical pyrolysis

Lima

Barbosa

Silva

et al. 2015

Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis

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Keywords:Py-GC/MS-SIM S/G ratio Residual lignin Oxygen pre-bleached cellulosic pulp a b s t r a c t Pyrolysis coupled with gas chromatography and mass spectrometry (Py-GC/MS) was used for evaluating the syringyl/guaiacyl (S/G) ratios of residual lignins in oxygen pre-bleached kraft pulps from 24 Eucalyptus wood clones. The optimization of the method showed that the best conditions were achieved when pyrolysis is carried out at 550 • C, using a 60 m length SPB-1701 capillary column and the mass spectrometer operating in SIM mode. Pulp pyrograms were analyzed and the compounds produced by pyrolysis of residual lignins identified by mass spectrometry. A total of 18 compounds were identified, being nine derived from guaiacyl units and nine derived from syringyl lignin. The S/G ratios were calculated using the relative area of S-lignin (syringol, 4-methylsyringol, 4-vinylsyringol and trans-4-(prop-2-enyl) syringol) and G-lignin (guaiacol, 4-methylguaiacol, 4-vinylguaiacol and trans-isoeugenol) as lignin markers. These studies showed that Py-GC/MS-SIM is an efficient tool to characterizing the chemical composition of residual lignin in oxygen pre-bleached Eucalyptus pulps.

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Beyond Color: The New Carbon Ink

et al. 2021

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For thousands of years, carbon ink has been used as a black color pigment for writing and painting purposes. However, recent discoveries of nanocarbon materials, including fullerenes, carbon nanotubes, graphene, and their various derivative forms, together with the advances in large‐scale synthesis, are enabling a whole new generation of carbon inks that can serve as an intrinsically programmable materials platform for developing advanced functionalities far beyond color. The marriage between these multifunctional nanocarbon inks with modern printing technologies is facilitating and even transforming many applications, including flexible electronics, wearable and implantable sensors, actuators, and autonomous robotics. This review examines recent progress in the reborn field of carbon inks, highlighting their programmability and multifunctionality for applications in flexible electronics and stimuli‐responsive devices. Current challenges and opportunities will also be discussed from a materials science perspective towards the advancement of carbon ink for new applications beyond color.

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Identification of the materials used in an Eastern Jin Chinese ink stick

Cited by 35 publications

References 13 publications

Identification of the proto-inkstone by organic residue analysis: a case study from the Changle Cemetery in China

Identification of the proto-inkstone by organic residue analysis: a case study from the Changle Cemetery in China

In situ determination of the syringyl/guaiacyl ratio of residual lignin in pre-bleached eucalypt kraft pulps by analytical pyrolysis

Beyond Color: The New Carbon Ink

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