Identification of the novel KI and WU polyomaviruses in human tonsils

Babakir‐Mina, Muhammed; Ciccozzi, Massimo; Bonifacio, Daniela; Bergallo, Massimiliano; Costa, Cristina; Cavallo, Rossana; Bonito, Luigi Di; Perno, Carlo Federico; Ciotti, Marco

doi:10.1016/j.jcv.2009.06.009

Cited by 35 publications

(28 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…Although not proven, the notion that the respiratory tract, apart from the mucosa, is a site of persistent infection seems to be supported by the recent recovery of WUPyV and KIPyV sequences from archival tonsillar transformed tissues [Babakir-Mina et al, 2009].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Although both [Wattier et al, 2008;Ren et al, 2009], WUPyV and KIPyV have been detected more frequently in nasopharyngeal secretions [Abed et al, 2007;Feng et al, 2008;Foulongne et al, 2008;Neske et al, 2008]. Recently, DNA sequences from KIPyV have been detected in lung and paranasal biopsies from cancer patients, which suggests a possible tropism of the virus for these tissues [Babakir-Mina et al, 2009]. In a subsequent study, a role for the lymphoid system has been suggested by the recovery of WUPyV and KIPyV DNA from a large series of archived paraffin-embedded tonsils from adult patients with a wide spectrum of benign and malignant conditions [Babakir-Mina et al, 2009].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Secondary lymphoid tissue as an important site for WU polyomavirus infection in immunocompetent children

Comar¹,

Zanotta²,

Rossi³

et al. 2011

Journal of Medical Virology

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The polyomaviruses KI and WU (KIPyV and WUPyV) have been identified in respiratory specimens from children with acute respiratory infections, which suggests the respiratory tract as a possible site of infection. However, the persistence of infection in the lymphoid system is unknown. Fresh samples (n = 211) of tonsils, adenoids, and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from 83 immunocompetent children (mean age 4.8 years) were tested for amplification of the KIPyV VP1 and WUPyV VP2 genes. The known BK and JC polyomaviruses and the lymphotropic human herpesvirus (HHV)‐6 were also investigated by quantitative real‐time PCR and direct sequencing. In addition, 98 nasopharyngeal swabs collected from children (mean age 6.2 years) affected by seasonal influenza‐like illness were tested. Of the lymphoid tissues, 34.9% were positive for WUPyV, 4.8% for BK virus, and 33.8% for HHV‐6. KIPyV and JC virus were not detected in these specimens. None of the polyomaviruses were detected in PBMCs. Among the nasopharyngeal samples, the prevalence of WUPyV was 27.5%, although 70% of the positive samples were co‐infected with at least one of the following respiratory viruses: influenza virus, adenovirus, and respiratory syncytial virus. Phylogenetic analysis revealed high sequence homology (99%) between lymphoid‐ and nasopharynx‐derived WUPyV strains. These results suggest that the tonsils and adenoids of immunocompetent children are a reservoir for WUPyV infection; probably due to the respiratory route of transmission. In addition, the prevalence of WUPyV was high among the children, and the virus was identified more frequently in older children than during the first years of life. J. Med. Virol. 83:1446–1450, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Secondary lymphoid tissue as an important site for WU polyomavirus infection in immunocompetent children

Comar¹,

Zanotta²,

Rossi³

et al. 2011

Journal of Medical Virology

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“…Following this finding, other body compartments and specimen types have been screened: stool (6,17,23,(46)(47)(48), whole blood (45,48), plasma (18,49,50), serum (49), cerebrospinal fluid (51), lymphoid tissue (16,40,47), urine (6,7,48), and lung tissue (24,52). Detection rates of KIPyV and WUPyV in biological specimens are reported in Tables 1 and 2.…”

Section: Specimens Collectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The human polyomaviruses KI and WU: virological background and clinical implications

Babakir‐Mina

Ciccozzi²,

Perno

et al. 2013

APMIS

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Babakir-Mina M, Ciccozzi M, Perno CF, Ciotti M. The human polyomaviruses KI and WU: virological background and clinical implications. APMIS 2013; 121: 746-54. In 2007, two novel polyomaviruses KI and WU were uncovered in the respiratory secretions of children with acute respiratory symptoms. Seroepidemiological studies showed that infection by these viruses is widespread in the human population. Following these findings, different biological specimens and body compartments have been screened by real-time PCR in the attempt to establish a pathogenetic role for KI polyomavirus (KIPyV) and WU polyomavirus (WUPyV) in human diseases. Although both viruses have been found mainly in respiratory tract samples of immunocompromised patients, a clear causative link with the respiratory disease has not been established. Indeed, the lack of specific clinical or radiological findings, the frequent co-detection with other respiratory pathogens, the detection in subjects without signs or symptoms of respiratory disease, and the variability of the viral loads measured did not allow drawing a definitive conclusion. Prospective studies carried out on a large sample size including both immunocompromised and immunocompetent patients with and without respiratory symptoms are needed. Standardized quantitative real-time PCR methods, definition of a clear clinical cutoff value, timing in the collection of respiratory samples, are also crucial to understand the pathogenic role, if any, of KIPyV and WUPyV in human pathology.

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“…[11][12][13] Because human polyomavirus DNAs have been detected in tonsillar tissues, the high respiratory tract has been proposed as one of the entry portals for these viral agents. [14][15][16] However, the process by which polyomaviruses, and specifically MCPyV, gain access to and establish persistent infections in distal body compartments has not been well established. 15 …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Merkel cell polyomavirus DNA sequences in the buffy coats of healthy blood donors

Pancaldi

Corazzari

Maniero

et al. 2011

Blood

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Merkel cell polyomavirus (MCPyV), a DNA tumor virus, has been found to be associated with Merkel cell carcinoma and chronic lymphocytic leukemia. MCPyV sequences have also been detected in various normal tissues in tumor-affected patients. Immunologic studies have detected MCPyV antibodies in as many as 80% of healthy blood donors. This high seroprevalence suggests that MCPyV infection is widespread in humans. In our study, buffy coats, which were examined for MCPyV DNA Tag sequences, showed a prevalence of 22%. Viral DNA load was revealed in blood samples from 10 to 100 molecules/100 000 cells. DNA sequencing confirmed that polymerase chain reaction amplicons belong to the IntroductionMerkel cell polyomavirus (MCPyV) is a small DNA tumor virus. 1 A recent investigation has reported MCPyV sequences in 27.1% of purified malignant cells from human chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) samples. 2 CLL, the most common leukemia in the Western world, results from the expansion of a rare population of mature B-lymphocytes. 3 In a previous study, MCPyV DNA was identified in Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC). 4 This neoplasm is a rare but aggressive skin cancer of neuroendocrine origin. 5 MCC has been detected in immunosuppressed patients who have undergone organ transplantation or are affected by HIV infection, with Tlymphocyte immunosuppression resulting from CLL. 6 MCPyV DNA has been also identified in various tissue samples in patients affected by malignant or nonmalignant tumors. 4,[7][8][9] Moreover, the presence of MCPyV in peripheral blood at low copy number has also been reported. 4,10 Recent immunologic studies have detected MCPyV antibodies in 70% to 80% of adults. 11-13 Because human polyomavirus DNAs have been detected in tonsillar tissues, the high respiratory tract has been proposed as one of the entry portals for these viral agents. 14-16 However, the process by which polyomaviruses, and specifically MCPyV, gain access to and establish persistent infections in distal body compartments has not been well established. 15 Methods Samples and PCR techniquesBuffy coats (n ϭ 60) were obtained from healthy blood donors as recently described. 17 DNA was isolated as previously done, and its quality was confirmed by ␤-globin polymerase chain reaction (PCR). 17 The pUC57MC1 recombinant plasmid, with MCC 350 strain sequences, was used as a positive control in MCPyV PCR amplification experiments. 18 Two different MCPyV Tag regions, nucleotides (nt) 571 to 879 and nt 1709 to 1846, were investigated by single PCR analysis for 35 cycles using the primer sets, LT3F-LT3R and MCPyLT1709.FMCPyLT1864.R, respectively. Amplicons of 308 bp and 138 bp are expected from these sPCR amplifications. 4,18 However, no MCPyV Tag sequences were detected in our samples. Recently, similar data have been reported by other groups. 19,20 To verify whether these negative data were the result of a low viral DNA load in our buffy coats, the same MCPyV sequences were investigated by PCR reamplifications, using 5 L of the first PCR reaction, with the same ...

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Identification of the novel KI and WU polyomaviruses in human tonsils

Cited by 35 publications

References 26 publications

Secondary lymphoid tissue as an important site for WU polyomavirus infection in immunocompetent children

Secondary lymphoid tissue as an important site for WU polyomavirus infection in immunocompetent children

The human polyomaviruses KI and WU: virological background and clinical implications

Merkel cell polyomavirus DNA sequences in the buffy coats of healthy blood donors

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