Identification of the Top TESS Objects of Interest for Atmospheric Characterization of Transiting Exoplanets with JWST

Hord, Benjamin J.; Kempton, Eliza M.-R.; Evans-Soma, Thomas M.; Latham, David W.; Ciardi, David R.; Dragomir, Diana; Colón, Knicole D.; Ross, Gabrielle; Vanderburg, Andrew; de Beurs, Zoe L.; Collins, Karen A.; Watkins, Cristilyn N.; Bean, Jacob; Cowan, Nicolas B.; Daylan, Tansu; Morley, Caroline V.; Ih, Jegug; Baker, David; Barkaoui, Khalid; Batalha, Natalie M.; Behmard, Aida; Belinski, Alexander; Benkhaldoun, Zouhair; Benni, Paul; Bernacki, Krzysztof; Bieryla, Allyson; Binnenfeld, Avraham; Bosch-Cabot, Pau; Bouchy, François; Bozza, Valerio; Brahm, Rafael; Buchhave, Lars A.; Calkins, Michael; Chontos, Ashley; Clark, Catherine A.; Cloutier, Ryan; Cointepas, Marion; Collins, Kevin I.; Conti, Dennis M.; Crossfield, Ian J. M.; Dai, Fei; de Leon, Jerome P.; Dransfield, Georgina; Dressing, Courtney; Dustor, Adam; Esquerdo, Gilbert; Evans, Phil; Fajardo-Acosta, Sergio B.; Fiołka, Jerzy; Forés-Toribio, Raquel; Frasca, Antonio; Fukui, Akihiko; Fulton, Benjamin; Furlan, Elise; Gan, Tianjun; Gandolfi, Davide; Ghachoui, Mourad; Giacalone, Steven; Gilbert, Emily A.; Gillon, Michaël; Girardin, Eric; Gonzales, Erica; Grau Horta, Ferran; Gregorio, Joao; Greklek-McKeon, Michael; Guerra, Pere; Hartman, J. D.; Hellier, Coel; Helm, Ian; Hełminiak, Krzysztof G.; Henning, Thomas; Hill, Michelle L.; Horne, Keith; Howard, Andrew W.; Howell, Steve B.; Huber, Daniel; Isopi, Giovanni; Jehin, Emmanuel; Jenkins, Jon M.; Jensen, Eric L. N.; Johnson, Marshall C.; Jordán, Andrés; Kane, Stephen R.; Kielkopf, John F.; Krushinsky, Vadim; Lasota, Sławomir; Lee, Elena; Lewin, Pablo; Livingston, John H.; Lubin, Jack; Lund, Michael B.; Mallia, Franco; Mann, Christopher R.; Marino, Giuseppi; Maslennikova, Nataliia; Massey, Bob; Matson, Rachel; Matthews, Elisabeth; Mayo, Andrew W.; Mazeh, Tsevi; McLeod, Kim K.; Michaels, Edward J.; Močnik, Teo; Mori, Mayuko; Mraz, Georgia; Muñoz, Jose A.; Narita, Norio; Natarajan, Krupa; Dyregaard Nielsen, Louise; Osborn, Hugh; Palle, Enric; Panahi, Aviad; Papini, Riccardo; Plavchan, Peter; Polanski, Alex S.; Popowicz, Adam; Pozuelos, Francisco J.; Quinn, Samuel N.; Radford, Don J.; Reed, Phillip A.; Relles, Howard M.; Rice, Malena; Robertson, Paul; Rodriguez, Joseph E.; Rosenthal, Lee J.; Rubenzahl, Ryan A.; Schanche, Nicole; Schlieder, Joshua; Schwarz, Richard P.; Sefako, Ramotholo; Shporer, Avi; Sozzetti, Alessandro; Srdoc, Gregor; Stockdale, Chris; Tarasenkov, Alexander; Tan, Thiam-Guan; Timmermans, Mathilde; Ting, Eric B.; Van Zandt, Judah; Vignes, JP; Waite, Ian; Watanabe, Noriharu; Weiss, Lauren M.; Wittrock, Justin; Zhou, George; Ziegler, Carl; Zucker, Shay

doi:10.3847/1538-3881/ad3068

Cited by 8 publications

(1 citation statement)

References 158 publications

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“…The transit spectroscopy metric (TSM, Kempton et al 2018) estimates the expected signal-tonoise ratio of an atmosphere signal obtained with JWST, and it depends on the mass of the planet. Studies that use M-R relations to calculate the TSM can be crucial for bringing planets with high potential to be well characterized to the forefront (Hord et al 2024). However, care should be employed with which M-R relations to use, and these empirical trends should not be treated as a substitute for obtaining actual mass measurements.…”

Section: Sources Of M-r Relation Bias and Implicationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The TESS-Keck Survey. XX. 15 New TESS Planets and a Uniform RV Analysis of All Survey Targets

Polanski,

Lubin,

Beard

et al. 2024

ApJS

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The Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite (TESS) has discovered hundreds of new worlds, with TESS planet candidates now outnumbering the total number of confirmed planets from Kepler. Owing to differences in survey design, TESS continues to provide planets that are better suited for subsequent follow-up studies, including mass measurement through radial velocity (RV) observations, compared to Kepler targets. In this work, we present the TESS-Keck Survey’s (TKS) Mass Catalog: a uniform analysis of all TKS RV survey data that has resulted in mass constraints for 126 planets and candidate signals. This includes 58 mass measurements that have reached ≥5σ precision. We confirm or validate 32 new planets from the TESS mission either by significant mass measurement (15) or statistical validation (17), and we find no evidence of likely false positives among our entire sample. This work also serves as a data release for all previously unpublished TKS survey data, including 9,204 RV measurements and associated activity indicators over our three-year survey. We took the opportunity to assess the performance of our survey and found that we achieved many of our goals, including measuring the mass of 38 small (<4 R ⊕) planets, nearly achieving the TESS mission’s basic science requirement. In addition, we evaluated the performance of the Automated Planet Finder as survey support and observed meaningful constraints on system parameters, due to its more uniform phase coverage. Finally, we compared our measured masses to those predicted by commonly used mass–radius relations and investigated evidence of systematic bias.

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Section: Sources Of M-r Relation Bias and Implicationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The TESS-Keck Survey. XX. 15 New TESS Planets and a Uniform RV Analysis of All Survey Targets

Polanski,

Lubin,

Beard

et al. 2024

ApJS

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TOI-1135 b: A young hot Saturn-size planet orbiting a solar-type star

Mallorquín,

Lodieu,

Béjar

et al. 2024

A&A

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Despite the thousands of planets in orbit around stars known to date, the mechanisms of planetary formation, migration, and atmospheric loss remain unresolved. In this work, we confirm the planetary nature of a young Saturn-size planet transiting a solar-type star every 8.03 d, TOI-1135\,b. The age of the parent star is estimated to be in the interval of 125--1000 Myr based on various activity and age indicators, including its stellar rotation period of 5.13\,pm \,0.27 d and the intensity of photospheric lithium. We obtained follow-up photometry and spectroscopy, including precise radial velocity measurements using the CARMENES spectrograph, which together with the TESS data allowed us to fully characterise the parent star and its planet. As expected for its youth, the star is rather active and shows strong photometric and spectroscopic variability correlating with its rotation period. We modelled the stellar variability using Gaussian process regression. We measured the planetary radius at 9.02\,pm \,0.23 R$_ (0.81\,pm \,0.02 Jup $) and determined a 3sigma upper limit of $<$\,51.4 M$_ Jup $) on the planetary mass by adopting a circular orbit. Our results indicate that TOI-1135\,b is an inflated planet less massive than Saturn or Jupiter but with a similar radius, which could be in the process of losing its atmosphere by photoevaporation. This new young planet occupies a region of the mass-radius diagram where older planets are scarse, and it could be very helpful to understanding the lower frequency of planets with sizes between Neptune and Saturn.

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Characterisation of TOI-406 as a showcase of the THIRSTEE program

Lacedelli,

Pallé,

Luque

et al. 2024

A&A

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The exoplanet sub-Neptune population currently poses a conundrum, as to whether small-size planets are volatile-rich cores without an atmosphere, or rocky cores surrounded by a H-He envelope. To test the different hypotheses from an observational point of view, a large sample of small-size planets with precise mass and radius measurements is the first necessary step. On top of that, much more information will likely be needed, including atmospheric characterisation and a demographic perspective on their bulk properties. We present here the concept and strategy of the project, which aims to shed light on the composition of the sub-Neptune population across stellar types by increasing their number and improving the accuracy of bulk density measurements, as well as investigating their atmospheres and performing statistical, demographic analysis. We report the first results of the program, characterising a new two-planet system around the M-dwarf TOI-406. We analysed and ground-based photometry together with high-precision ESPRESSO and NIRPS/HARPS radial velocities to derive the orbital parameters and investigate the internal composition of the two planets orbiting TOI-406. TOI-406 hosts two planets with radii and masses of $R_ c c and b b orbiting with periods of $3.3$ and $13.2$ days, respectively. The inner planet is consistent with an Earth-like composition, while the external one is compatible with multiple internal composition models, including volatile-rich planets without H/He atmospheres. The two planets are located in two distinct regions in the mass-density diagram, supporting the existence of a density gap among small exoplanets around M dwarfs. With an equilibrium temperature of only $=368$ K, TOI-406 b stands up as a particularly interesting target for atmospheric characterisation with JWST in the low-temperature regime.

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Identification of the Top TESS Objects of Interest for Atmospheric Characterization of Transiting Exoplanets with JWST

Cited by 8 publications

References 158 publications

The TESS-Keck Survey. XX. 15 New TESS Planets and a Uniform RV Analysis of All Survey Targets

The TESS-Keck Survey. XX. 15 New TESS Planets and a Uniform RV Analysis of All Survey Targets

TOI-1135 b: A young hot Saturn-size planet orbiting a solar-type star

Characterisation of TOI-406 as a showcase of the THIRSTEE program

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