Identification of Thrips Species and Resistance of Frankliniella occidentalis (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) to Malathion, Spinosad, and Bifenthrin in Blackberry Crops

Trap colour and aggregation pheromone dose affect the catch of western flower thrips in blackberry crops

“…This insect feeds on approximately 500 plant species, some of them of economic importance (Badillo‐Vargas et al., 2012; Margaria et al., 2014; Morse & Hoddle, 2006; Ogada, Maiss, & Poehling, 2013; Tzanetakis, Guzmán‐Baeny, VanEsbroeck, Fernandez, & Martin, 2009). In Mexico, this species is considered one of the main insect pests of avocado (Bravo‐Pérez et al., 2018; Ramírez‐Dávila, Solares‐Alonso, Figueroa‐Figueroa, & Sánchez‐Pale, 2013) and soft fruits (Ayala‐Ortega et al., 2019; Cubillos‐Salamanca et al., 2020). Adults and larvae scrape and suck the cell fluids on the surface of leaves and flower petals, causing visible streaks and discolourations, and necrosis of the flower petals, respectively (Castañeda‐González, Johansen‐Naime, Hernández‐Vásquez, & Aparicio‐Parra, 2011; Castresana et al., 2008).…”

Mortality of <i>Orius insidiosus</i> by contact with spinosad in the laboratory as well as in the field and a perspective of these as controllers of <i>Frankliniella occidentalis</i>

“…The effectiveness of blue chromatic traps at capturing thrips is high as compared to that of other colors 7,38) ; moreover, the blue color does not attract predators or non-target parasitoids that are attracted to yellow and other colors. 39) Although the presence of F. occidentalis does not decline to extinction levels as compared to crops where biological control is employed, this result should be considered in relation to the levels of resistance shown by F. occidentalis in blackberry crops treated with spinosad in the state of Michoacán, 40) since no predators were found in any of the samples collected in these crops (Cruz-Esteban, personal observation). The total cost of spinosad application during a season can vary from US$1,800-2,000 according to the intensity of application by the farmer.…”

Integrative Insight into Relationships between Florivorous Thrips Haplothrips leucanthemi and H. niger (Insecta, Thysanoptera)

“…The molecular analyses were primarily based on the divergence of the COI gene fragment. Previously, this mitochondrial marker has been successfully utilized in the molecular identification of thrips species (also those infesting economically important crops) (e.g., [ 7 , 44 , 45 , 46 , 47 ]), in the substantiation of morphological-characteristic-based species identification [ 48 ], and in the discrimination of thrips reproductive forms [ 49 ], as well as in the identification of genetic variants, biotypes, ecotypes, cryptic species and species complexes [ 42 , 50 ]. The idea of a COI-based species identification assumes that the intraspecific divergence in this barcode marker is lower than 2% [ 51 , 52 ].…”