Identification of Tone Duration, Line Length, and Letter Position: An Experimental Approach to Timing and Working Memory Deficits in Schizophrenia.

Elvevåg, Brita; Brown, Gordon D.; McCormack, Teresa; Vousden, Janet; Goldberg, Terry E.

doi:10.1037/0021-843x.113.4.509

Cited by 65 publications

(52 citation statements)

References 44 publications

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“…However, despite the formal similarities between models, there are also good reasons to believe that timing and duration identification may be served by mechanisms that are neuropsychologically dissociable from those employed in the processing and identification of other perceptual dimensions. First, clinical research has found impairments in certain populations that appear to be specific to duration identification (e.g., Elvev a ag et al, 2003a;Nichelli, Alway, & Grafman, 1996). Second, we have found that elderly adultsÕ patterns of errors on a duration identification task are qualitatively different from those on a pitch identification task of equal difficulty (McCormack et al, 2002), a finding that is reminiscent of the current findings.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 66%

“…An advantage of carrying out developmental research within this framework is that it allows comparison of childrenÕs performance on timing tasks with that of other groups, such as the elderly (McCormack et al, 1999; and clinical groups (Elvev a ag et al, 2003a(Elvev a ag et al, , 2003b. Rather than simply comparing overall levels of performance across such groups, modeling the data allows us to examine whether parameters need to be varied in contrasting ways to capture different types of group differences.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A timing-specific memory distortion effect in young children

McCormack

Brown

Smith

et al. 2004

Journal of Experimental Child Psychology

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It has been suggested that there are systematic distortions in childrenÕs memory for temporal durations, such that childrenÕs memory is not just less accurate than that of adults but qualitatively different. Experiment 1 replicated the memory distortion effect by demonstrating developmental change in the tendency to confuse a reference duration with one that is shorter rather than longer than it. When the long-term memory demands of the task were reduced by providing reminders of the reference duration on every trial, there were no such qualitative changes in error patterns (Experiment 2). Further evidence for developmental changes in memory distortion was found in the temporal generalization task of Experiment 3, in which stimuli were spaced logarithmically rather than linearly. In Experiment 4, a similar distortion pattern was absent in a task in which children made judgments about the pitch rather than the duration of stimuli, suggesting the effect may be specific to time estimation.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 66%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A timing-specific memory distortion effect in young children

McCormack

Brown

Smith

et al. 2004

Journal of Experimental Child Psychology

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“…This result, coupled with the fact that the increase in overall responding in MAM-treated rats was relatively small (B5-10%) suggests that the deficits observed in MAM animals were not due to a generalized loss of behavioral inhibition. This overall pattern of results may be indicative of a deficit in interval timing, and might suggest that MAM-treated animals overestimate the passage of time, as has been shown to occur in schizophrenic patients (Elvevag et al, 2003(Elvevag et al, , 2004Penney et al, 2005). The finding of a deficit in DRL performance in MAM-treated animals is somewhat at odds with previous reports, which have shown a lack of deficit on this task following embryonic day 15 MAM treatment (Archer et al, 1988).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 50%

Gestational Methylazoxymethanol Acetate Treatment Impairs Select Cognitive Functions: Parallels to Schizophrenia

Featherstone

Rizos

Nóbrega

et al. 2006

Neuropsychopharmacol

100

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Gestational methylazoxymethanol acetate (MAM) exposure has been suggested to produce neural and behavioral abnormalities similar to those seen in schizophrenia. In order to assess MAM treatment as a model of schizophrenia, pregnant female rats were injected with MAM (22 mg/kg) on gestational day 17 and their offspring were assessed in adulthood on a series of cognitive tasks. The first experiment involved an attentional set-shifting task, a rodent analog of the Wisconsin card sort task. In experiment 2, animals were tested on the 5-choice serial reaction time task, a rodent analog of the continuous performance task. In the final experiment animals were assessed on a differential reinforcement of low rate of responding 20 s schedule of reinforcement (DRL-20), a task that is sensitive to changes in inhibitory control. In the first experiment, MAM-treated animals required a greater number of trials than controls to successfully learn an extradimensional shift on the set-shifting task, and had difficulties in learning to reverse a previously acquired discrimination. In contrast, MAM-treated animals showed little impairment on the 5-choice task, aside from a modest but consistent increase in premature responding. Finally, MAM exposed animals showed substantial impairments in DRL performance. Post-mortem analysis of brain tissue showed significant decreases in tissue weight in the hippocampus, parietal cortex, prefrontal cortex, and dorsal striatum of MAM-treated animals. These results support the notion that MAM treatment may simulate some aspects of schizophrenic cognition.

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“…We sought to examine how this might be affected by schizophrenia given their problems in temporal judgments, which are likely intertwined with working memory limitations (Elvevåg et al, , 2004. From a phenomenological perspective, the seemingly disrupted consciousness of time may be due to disruptions synthesizing time relationships underlying the formation of Gestalt perceptions.…”

Section: 1: Backgroundmentioning

confidence: 99%

Metaphor interpretation and use: A window into semantics in schizophrenia

Elvevåg

Helsen

Hert³

et al. 2011

Schizophrenia Research

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The nature of putative semantic anomalies in schizophrenia is controversial. Metaphor interpretation and use provide a useful methodology with which to probe semantics since metaphors are critical in reasoning processes and in how conceptual knowledge is organized.The first study examined free speech for figurative language. The second study explored whether emotional versus non-emotional metaphorical language interpretation elicits differences in the tendencies to produce idiosyncratic (bizarre) or literal interpretations or use of other metaphors to describe the meaning of a metaphor. The third study examined the interpretation of time metaphors. We expected the time perspective in ambiguous sentences to be differentially influenced by previously presented unambiguous sentences of a specific perspective, either events moving relative to a stationary observer (moving-time) or an observer moving relative to a stationary event (moving-ego). First, we found that patients used a similar amount of figurative language as control participants. Second, we did not find any difference between the groups in terms of idiosyncratic interpretations, although patients did interpret more metaphors literally and controls utilized more figurative language. Third, we did not find evidence of a difference between the groups in terms of time perspectives influencing ambiguous target sentences differentially. As operationalized here, the interpretation and use of metaphors is similar in patients with schizophrenia to that of healthy control participants. To the extent that metaphors recruit semantic processes this area of cognition is generally intact in schizophrenia.

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Identification of Tone Duration, Line Length, and Letter Position: An Experimental Approach to Timing and Working Memory Deficits in Schizophrenia.

Cited by 65 publications

References 44 publications

A timing-specific memory distortion effect in young children

A timing-specific memory distortion effect in young children

Gestational Methylazoxymethanol Acetate Treatment Impairs Select Cognitive Functions: Parallels to Schizophrenia

Metaphor interpretation and use: A window into semantics in schizophrenia

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