Identification of tuliposide G, a novel glucoside ester-type tuliposide, and its distribution in tulip

Abstract

Tuliposides (Pos) are major defensive secondary metabolites in tulip (genus Tulipa), having 4-hydroxy-2-methylenebutanoyl and/or (3S)-3,4-dihydroxy-2-methylenebutanoyl groups at the C-1 and/or C-6 positions of d-glucose. The acyl group at the C-6 position is converted to antimicrobial lactones, tulipalins, by tuliposide-converting enzymes (TCEs). In the course of a survey of tulip tissue extracts to identify novel Pos, we found a minute high-performance liquid chromatography peak that disappeared following the action of a TCE, and whose retention time differed from those of known Pos. Spectroscopic analyses of the purified compound, as well as its enzymatic degradation products, revealed its structure as 5″-O-(6-O-(4′-hydroxy-2′-methylenebutanoyl))-β-d-glucopyranosyl-(2″R)-2″-hydroxymethyl-4″-butyrolactone, which is a novel glucoside ester-type Pos. We gave this compound the trivial name ‘tuliposide G’ (PosG). PosG accumulated in bulbs, at markedly lower levels than 6-PosA (the major Pos in bulbs), but was not found in any other tissues. Quantification of PosG in bulbs of 52 types of tulip, including 30 cultivars (Tulipa gesneriana) and 22 wild Tulipa spp., resulted in the detection of PosG in 28 cultivars, while PosG was present only in three wild species belonging to the subgenus Tulipa, the same subgenus to which tulip cultivars belong, suggesting the potential usefulness of PosG as a chemotaxonomic marker in tulip.

Tuliposides H–J and Bioactive Components from the Bulb of Amana edulis

“…Compounds 1 – 3 are tuliposides, a kind of specialized products consisting of 4-hydroxy-2-methylenebutanoic acid (HMBA) and/or (3 S )-3,4-dihydroxy-2-methylenebutanoic acid (DHMBA) groups acylated at C-1 and/or C-6 positions of a β- d -glucose (Glc) mainly found in the genus Tulipa [ 8 , 11 ]. So far, tuliposide analogues, including 1-tuliposide A, 6-tuliposide A, 1-tuliposide B, 6-tuliposide B, and tuliposides D–G, have been isolated from Tulipa [ 8 , 11 ]. However, the structure of tuliposide C has not been reported and could be missing in previous literatures [ 11 ].…”

“…So far, tuliposide analogues, including 1-tuliposide A, 6-tuliposide A, 1-tuliposide B, 6-tuliposide B, and tuliposides D–G, have been isolated from Tulipa [ 8 , 11 ]. However, the structure of tuliposide C has not been reported and could be missing in previous literatures [ 11 ]. Tulipalins, such as tulipalin A and (–)-tulipalin B, are the aglycone portions of tuliposides, which spontaneously lactonizes after releasing HMBA and/or DHMBA groups by tuliposide-converting enzymes [ 8 , 11 ].…”

“…However, the structure of tuliposide C has not been reported and could be missing in previous literatures [ 11 ]. Tulipalins, such as tulipalin A and (–)-tulipalin B, are the aglycone portions of tuliposides, which spontaneously lactonizes after releasing HMBA and/or DHMBA groups by tuliposide-converting enzymes [ 8 , 11 ]. In this study, compounds 1 – 3 named as tuliposides H–J belong to tuliposides, but their double bonds at C-2 were reduced and the β-D-glucose groups were attached to C-4 (oxymethylene), instead of C-1 ( O -acyl functionality) in HMBA or DHMBA ( Figure 1 ).…”

“…Additionally, compound 10 (2 S ,3 S ) is tulipalin but could not be metabolized from 1 (2 R ,3 S ) due to the different configuration at C-2. The possible biosyntheses of tuliposides 1 – 3 are shown in Figure S29 [ 8 , 11 ].…”