Identification of tumor necrosis factor-α levels around miniscrews during canine distalization

Abstract

Objective: The aim of this study was to measure tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) levels around miniscrews used for anchorage during a 3-month period of canine distalization. Methods: Sixteen patients (8 boys, 8 girls; mean age, 16.6 ± 2.4 years) whose upper first premolars were extracted for orthodontic treatment were included in this study. Miniscrews were used as an anchorage unit in canine distalization. Thirty-two (32) miniscrew implants were placed bilaterally in the alveolar bone between the maxillary second premolars and first molars. The treatment, miniscrew, and control groups comprised upper canines, miniscrew implants, and upper first premolars, respectively. Peri-miniscrew implant crevicular fluid and gingival crevicular fluid were obtained before applying force and at 1, 24, and 48 hours, and at 7 and 21 days, and 3 months after applying force. Results: During the 3-month period, the TNF-α levels increased significantly at 24 hours only in the treatment group (p ＜ 0.01). In the miniscrew and control groups, there were no statistically significant changes. No significant differences were observed between groups. Conclusions: Miniscrews can be conveniently used for anchorage in orthodontics.

Effect of orthodontic forces on cytokine and receptor levels in gingival crevicular fluid: a systematic review

“…Thirty-nine shortlisted studies [ 19 , 22 - 59 ] were scrutinized for inclusion and exclusion criteria. Two studies that evaluated mediators both in peri-implant crevicular fluid (PMICF) as well as GCF were included [ 51 , 54 ] but one study that evaluated the levels of mediators directly in sulcus and not GCF was excluded [ 60 ].…”

“…Twenty-one studies on IL-1β were evaluated. Of these, ten studies (N = 10) reported that the peak levels of IL-1β were attained at 24 h [ 19 , 22 , 27 , 33 , 37 , 42 , 50 , 51 , 53 , 54 ]. The peak levels in other studies have also been reported at 4 h [ 47 ], 3 days [ 35 , 40 ], 7 days, 21 days [ 29 ], 2 months [ 22 ], around 3 months [ 39 , 46 ], and 6 months [ 43 ].…”

“…An upregulation in IL-1β levels from baseline levels was evident at 1 min [ 50 ], 1 h [ 50 ], 24 h [ 19 , 37 , 42 , 51 , 54 ], 48 h [ 51 ], 7 days [ 50 ], 3 months [ 46 ], and 6 months [ 43 ] and downregulation was seen in 48 h, 168 h, 14 days, and 21 days [ 51 ].…”

“…Application of interrupted force witnessed an increase in levels at 1 h [ 28 ] and 24 h [ 27 , 42 ] while continuous force application led to increase in levels at 24 h [ 53 , 54 ] or 4 h to 42 days [ 47 ]. There was a decrease in levels in 1 week on continuous force retraction by hybrid retractor (HG) [ 28 ].…”

“…There was a decrease in levels in 1 week on continuous force retraction by hybrid retractor (HG) [ 28 ]. TNF-α levels also increased at 1 day [ 54 ], at 3 months [ 29 ] of leveling, and at 6 months, just before retraction [ 29 ]. A comparison of continuous force application by hybrid retractor (HG) by HG to interrupted force by rapid canine distalizer (RDG) showed higher values at 1 h in RDG group compared to HG [ 28 ].…”