Identification of Wild Boar–Habitat Epidemiologic Cycle in African Swine Fever Epizootic

Chenais, Erika; Ståhl, Karl; Gubertì, Vittorio; Depner, Klaus

doi:10.3201/eid2404.172127

Cited by 133 publications

(160 citation statements)

References 8 publications

(7 reference statements)

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“…Understanding mechanisms by which pathogens transmit between hosts is key for defining disease risk and for planning effective control strategies. In addition to direct host‐to‐host or vector‐borne transmission, pathogens can spread through environmental sources, such as through contact with fomites (Allerson, Cardpna, & Torremorell, ), ingestion of contaminated drinking water (Breban, ; Kraay et al, ), contact with contaminated soil (Turner et al, ), contact with contaminated carcasses (Chenais, Ståhl, Guberti, & Depner, ), or carcass scavenging (Brown & Bevins, ; Wille et al, ). Environmental sources of infection can promote pathogen persistence by increasing their likelihood of contact with susceptible hosts because many pathogens can remain viable in the environment longer than they can keep a host infectious.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ecological drivers of African swine fever virus persistence in wild boar populations: Insight for control

Pepin

Golnar

Abdo

et al. 2020

Ecology and Evolution

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Environmental sources of infection can play a primary role in shaping epidemiological dynamics; however, the relative impact of environmental transmission on host‐pathogen systems is rarely estimated. We developed and fit a spatially explicit model of African swine fever virus (ASFV) in wild boar to estimate what proportion of carcass‐based transmission is contributing to the low‐level persistence of ASFV in Eastern European wild boar. Our model was developed based on ecological insight and data from field studies of ASFV and wild boar in Eastern Poland. We predicted that carcass‐based transmission would play a substantial role in persistence, especially in low‐density host populations where contact rates are low. By fitting the model to outbreak data using approximate Bayesian computation, we inferred that between 53% and 66% of transmission events were carcass‐based that is, transmitted through contact of a live host with a contaminated carcass. Model fitting and sensitivity analyses showed that the frequency of carcass‐based transmission increased with decreasing host density, suggesting that management policies should emphasize the removal of carcasses and consider how reductions in host densities may drive carcass‐based transmission. Sensitivity analyses also demonstrated that carcass‐based transmission is necessary for the autonomous persistence of ASFV under realistic parameters. Autonomous persistence through direct transmission alone required high host densities; otherwise re‐introduction of virus periodically was required for persistence when direct transmission probabilities were moderately high. We quantify the relative role of different persistence mechanisms for a low‐prevalence disease using readily collected ecological data and viral surveillance data. Understanding how the frequency of different transmission mechanisms vary across host densities can help identify optimal management strategies across changing ecological conditions.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ecological drivers of African swine fever virus persistence in wild boar populations: Insight for control

Pepin

Golnar

Abdo

et al. 2020

Ecology and Evolution

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“…Carcasses of ASF‐infected wild boar play an important role in the spread and persistence of the virus in the environment (Bellini, Rutili, & Guberti, ; Chenais et al, ; Chenais, Ståhl, Guberti, & Depner, ; Torre et al, ). Although intraspecific scavenging is not a common behaviour in wild boar (Selva, Jędrzejewska, Jędrzejewski, & Wajrak, ), interactions between live wild boar and infected carcasses can represent a serious risk of disease transmission (Probst, Globig, Knoll, Conraths, & Depner, ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Deathbed choice by ASF‐infected wild boar can help find carcasses

Мorelle

Ježek

Licoppe

et al. 2019

Transbound Emerg Dis

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African swine fever (ASF) is a fatal disease infectious to wild and domesticated suids. This disease entered the European Union in 2014 and recently reached western Europe, with the first cases observed in Belgium in September 2018. Carcasses of ASF‐infected wild boar play an important role in the spread and persistence of the virus in the environment. Thus, rapidly finding and removing carcasses is a crucial measure for effective ASF control. Using distribution modelling, we investigated whether the fine‐scale distribution of ASF‐infected animals can be predicted and support wild boar carcass searches. Our results suggest that ASF‐infected wild boar selected deathbeds in cool and moist habitats; thus, deathbed choice was mostly influenced by topographic and water‐dependent covariates. Furthermore, we show that in the case of an epidemic, it is important to quickly collect a minimum of 75–100 carcasses with exact locations to build a well‐performing and efficient carcass distribution model. The proposed model provides an indication of where carcasses are most likely to be found and can be used as a guide to strategically allocate resources.

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“…Understanding mechanisms by which pathogens transmit between hosts is key for defining disease risk and for planning effective control strategies. In addition to direct host-to-host or vector-borne transmission, pathogens can spread through environmental sources, such as through contact with fomites (Allerson et al 2013), ingestion of contaminated drinking water (Breban et al 2013, Kraay et al 2018), contact with contaminated soil (Turner et al 2014), contact with contaminated carcasses (Chenais et al 2018), or carcass scavenging (Wille et al 2016, Brown and Bevins 2018). Environmental sources of infection can promote pathogen persistence by increasing their likelihood of contact with susceptible hosts because many pathogens can remain viable in the environment longer than they can keep a host infectious.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ecological drivers of African swine fever virus persistence in wild boar populations: insight for control

Pepin

Golnar

Abdo

et al. 2019

Preprint

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16Environmental sources of infection can play a primary role in shaping epidemiological 17 dynamics, however the relative impact of environmental transmission on host-pathogen systems 18 is rarely estimated. We developed and fit a spatially-explicit model of African swine fever virus 19 (ASFV) in wild boar to estimate what proportion of carcass-based transmission is contributing to 20 the low-level persistence of ASFV in Eastern European wild boar. Our model was developed 21 based on ecological insight and data from field studies of ASFV and wild boar in Eastern Poland. 22 38 39

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Identification of Wild Boar–Habitat Epidemiologic Cycle in African Swine Fever Epizootic

Cited by 133 publications

References 8 publications

Ecological drivers of African swine fever virus persistence in wild boar populations: Insight for control

Ecological drivers of African swine fever virus persistence in wild boar populations: Insight for control

Deathbed choice by ASF‐infected wild boar can help find carcasses

Ecological drivers of African swine fever virus persistence in wild boar populations: insight for control

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