Identification of Zoonotic Tick-Borne Pathogens from Korean Water Deer (Hydropotes inermis argyropus)

Abstract

Korean water deer (Hydropotes inermis argyropus) are widespread in the Republic of Korea (ROK). Mostly, Korean water deer are essential hosts for maintaining ticks and tick-borne diseases (TBDs). Here, we investigated the prevalence of tick-borne pathogens (TBPs) among rescued Korean water deer. Anaplasma phagocytophilum (21.4%, 6/28), Anaplasma capra (14.3%, 4/28), Babesia capreoli (3.6%, 1/28), and Coxiella burnetii (3.6%, 1/28) were detected, but Borrelia burgdorferi, Ehrlichia, Rickettsia, and Theileria infections were not found. A. phagocytophilum was the most commonly detected pathogen, and co-infection with A. capra and B. capreoli was also noted in one Korean water deer. To our knowledge, this is the first article of B. capreoli infection in Korean water deer in the ROK. The infecting isolate of A. phagocytophilum was genetically characterized by 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene and ankyrin-related protein (ankA) gene. Although the 16S rRNA gene alone may not be informative enough to delineate distinct host species, ankA-based phylogeny revealed a high identity of Korean water deer sequences with those of the causative agent of human granulocytic anaplasmosis. A. capra was detected by using citrate synthase gene (gltA), heat-shock protein (groEL), and major surface protein 4 (msp4) genes. Phylogenetic tree based on these gene markers revealed that there were at least two distinct variants within A. capra circulating in the ROK. One variant originated from different hosts including humans, ticks, goats, and sheep, whereas the other variant was reported recently in Korean water deer in the ROK. Consequently, these sequences were identified to belong to a zoonotic species. Sequencing analysis of the 18S rRNA gene revealed that our isolate belonged to B. capreoli and was distinct from Babesia divergens and Babesia venatorum. Moreover, our isolate showed 92.2% homology with B. capreoli sequences, indicating that these differences may be attributed to the different tick species that transmit B. capreoli or to different host species. Genotyping and phylogenetic analysis of C. burnetii based on 16S rRNA and IS1111 genes revealed that our isolate was grouped with several strains of C. burnetii and was genetically distant from Coxiella-like bacteria isolates. The present results highlight that Korean water deer act as potential reservoir hosts for zoonotic TBPs, and thus play an important role in the transmission of TBDs in humans, animals, and livestock.

Molecular Detection of Anaplasma phagocytophilum and Ehrlichia Species in Ticks Removed from Humans in the Republic of Korea

“…Moreover, Xu et al [39] investigated the infection prevalence of B. burgdorferi sensu lato, B. miyamotoi, and A. phagocytophilum in human-biting ticks collected over a 10-year period in three western states of the US [39]. However, studies on TBPs in the ROK have primarily been conducted on wild or domesticated animals, such as goats [23], deer [24], and cattle [25], and several sporadic cases have been reported in patients with tick bites or in individuals visiting local hospitals [26,27]. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of a nationwide survey to test ticks removed from humans in the ROK.…”

“…(I. scapularis, I. ricinus, and I. pacificus) and Amblyomma americanum in the US and Europe [6,21]. In the ROK, Haemaphysalis longicornis, I. nipponensis, and I. persulcatus have been identified as the main vectors for these pathogens [4,22], and domestic and wild mammals are considered as reservoirs [23][24][25]. However, few studies on TBPs in ticks isolated from humans bitten by ticks have been reported in the ROK.…”

Seroprevalence and Molecular Characterization of Coxiella burnetii in Cattle in the Republic of Korea

“…The possible interaction of grazing cattle with wildlife presents yet another risk for the transmission of C. burnetii. A recent study performed by our group reported that C. burnetii was identified in Korean water deer [40], making them potential reservoirs for this bacterium. Thus, we can conclude that grazing cattle are more susceptible to C. burnetii infection than housed cattle.…”

Evaluation of haematological parameters in haemolytic anaemia caused by tick‐borne pathogens in grazing cattle

“…Among these, T. orientalis and Anaplasma spp. are the most important tick‐transmitted pathogens affecting domestic and wild ruminants in the ROK (Choi et al., 2016 ; Han et al., 2018 , 2017 ; Park et al., 2018 ; Shin et al., 2020 ). Interestingly, Anaplasma spp.…”