Identified human breast milk compositions effectively inhibit SARS-CoV-2 and variants infection and replication

Lai, Xinyuan; Yu, Yanying; Xian, Wei; Ye, Fei; Ju, Xiaohui; Luo, Yuqian; Dong, Huijun; Zhou, Yi‐Hua; Tan, Wenjie; Zhang, Hui; Li, Tong; Liu, Xiaoyun; Ding, Qiang; Xiang, Kuanhui

doi:10.1016/j.isci.2022.104136

Cited by 29 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 41 publications

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“…Beyond the neonatal period, infants may be at heighted risk of SARS-CoV-2 transmission from infected caregivers due to the frequency and intensity of close contact care and feeding ( 15 , 16 ), and may have higher risks of severe infection relative to older children due to less developed immune responses ( 6 , 17 , 18 ). Outcomes of breastfed children exposed to SARS-CoV-2 infected mothers are of further interest, as milk is not a source of SARS-CoV-2 transmission but is a source of persistent SARS-CoV-2 specific antibodies ( 19 – 23 ) and likely other antiviral agents ( 24 , 25 ). Therefore, additional research on antibody responses of infants and young children following maternal SARS-CoV-2 infection is needed to further delineate risks in this age group, and may be informative for families who continue to navigate infant and young childcare and feeding decisions following household infections or exposures.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

SARS-CoV-2 specific antibody trajectories in mothers and infants over two months following maternal infection

et al. 2022

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Infants exposed to caregivers infected with SARS-CoV-2 may have heightened infection risks relative to older children due to their more intensive care and feeding needs. However, there has been limited research on COVID-19 outcomes in exposed infants beyond the neonatal period. Between June 2020 – March 2021, we conducted interviews and collected capillary dried blood spots from 46 SARS-CoV-2 infected mothers and their infants (aged 1-36 months) for up to two months following maternal infection onset (COVID+ group, 87% breastfeeding). Comparative data were also collected from 26 breastfeeding mothers with no known SARS-CoV-2 infection or exposures (breastfeeding control group), and 11 mothers who tested SARS-CoV-2 negative after experiencing symptoms or close contact exposure (COVID- group, 73% breastfeeding). Dried blood spots were assayed for anti-SARS-CoV-2 S-RBD IgG and IgA positivity and anti-SARS-CoV-2 S1 + S2 IgG concentrations. Within the COVID+ group, the mean probability of seropositivity among infant samples was lower than that of corresponding maternal samples (0.54 and 0.87, respectively, for IgG; 0.33 and 0.85, respectively, for IgA), with likelihood of infant infection positively associated with the number of maternal symptoms and other household infections reported. COVID+ mothers reported a lower incidence of COVID-19 symptoms among their infants as compared to themselves and other household adults, and infants had similar PCR positivity rates as other household children. No samples returned by COVID- mothers or their infants tested antibody positive. Among the breastfeeding control group, 44% of mothers but none of their infants tested antibody positive in at least one sample. Results support previous research demonstrating minimal risks to infants following maternal COVID-19 infection, including for breastfeeding infants.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

SARS-CoV-2 specific antibody trajectories in mothers and infants over two months following maternal infection

et al. 2022

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“…Hence, LF and its derived bioactive peptides seem to hinder the cell entry of SARS-CoV-2 through various mechanisms. Additionally, LF appears to inhibit SARS-CoV-2 also at the post-cell entry stage, since it was reported that LF treatment led to e. g. enhancement of interferon responses ( 24 ), inhibition of viral replication ( 29 ), or maintenance of iron homeostasis ( 30 ). Whether the N-terminal region of LF shares some of these antiviral mechanisms with full-length LF, remains to be determined in future studies.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Cow-, goat- or sheep milk and cheese are common components of diet for adults. However, LF derived from various mammalian species may show different anti-SARS-CoV-2 abilities ( 29 ). Depiction of their inhibitory capacities against TMPRSS2 remains for future studies.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Blockade of TMPRSS2-mediated priming of SARS-CoV-2 by lactoferricin

et al. 2022

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In addition to vaccines, there is an urgent need for supplemental antiviral therapeutics to dampen the persistent COVID-19 pandemic caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2). The transmembrane protease serine 2 (TMPRSS2), that is responsible for proteolytic priming of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein, appears as a rational therapeutic target. Accordingly, selective inhibitors of TMPRSS2 represent potential tools for prevention and treatment of COVID-19. Previously, we identified the human milk glycoprotein lactoferrin as a natural inhibitor of plasminogen conversion to plasmin, a serine protease homologous to TMPRSS2. Here, we tested whether lactoferrin and lactoferricin, a biologically active natural peptide produced by pepsin-mediated digestion of lactoferrin, together with synthetic peptides derived from lactoferrin, were able to block TMPRSS2 and SARS-CoV-2 infection. Particularly, we revealed that both lactoferricin and the N-terminal synthetic peptide pLF1 significantly inhibited: i) proteolytic activity of TMPRSS2 and plasmin, ii) proteolytic processing of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein, and iii) SARS-CoV-2 infection of SARS-CoV-2-permissive cells. Thus, natural and synthetic peptides derived from lactoferrin represent feasible candidates for supporting prevention and treatment of COVID-19.

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“…Additionally, lactoferrin can degrade RNA and acts as an antiviral. Most recently, it has been shown to limit SARS-CoV2 infection 213 . Lipocalin is another factor present in tears that possesses robust anti-microbial activity.…”

Section: Corneal Herpes Infection and Herpes Stromal Keratitismentioning

confidence: 99%

Mucosal immunology of the ocular surface

Paiva

Leger²,

Caspi³

2022

Mucosal Immunology

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The eye is a sensory organ exposed to the environment and protected by a mucosal tissue barrier. While it shares a number of features with other mucosal tissues, the ocular mucosal system, composed of the conjunctiva, Meibomian glands, and lacrimal glands, is specialized to address the unique needs of (a) lubrication and (b) host defense of the ocular surface. Not surprisingly, most challenges, physical and immunological, to the homeostasis of the eye fall into those two categories. Dry eye, a dysfunction of the lacrimal glands and/or Meibomian glands, which can both cause, or arise from, sensory defects, including those caused by corneal herpes virus infection, serve as examples of these perturbations and will be discussed ahead. To preserve vision, dense neuronal and immune networks sense various stimuli and orchestrate responses, which must be tightly controlled to provide protection, while simultaneously minimizing collateral damage. All this happens against the backdrop of, and can be modified by, the microorganisms that colonize the ocular mucosa long term, or that are simply transient passengers introduced from the environment. This review will attempt to synthesize the existing knowledge and develop trends in the study of the unique mucosal and immune elements of the ocular surface.

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Identified human breast milk compositions effectively inhibit SARS-CoV-2 and variants infection and replication

Cited by 29 publications

References 41 publications

SARS-CoV-2 specific antibody trajectories in mothers and infants over two months following maternal infection

SARS-CoV-2 specific antibody trajectories in mothers and infants over two months following maternal infection

Blockade of TMPRSS2-mediated priming of SARS-CoV-2 by lactoferricin

Mucosal immunology of the ocular surface

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