“…The second motivation for optimizing healthcare open data was to amend the problems or enhance the efficiency of the existing medical information management process (Bao & Jiang, 2016;Li et al, 2016;Song et al, 2019b;Xu & Tan, 2016;Li et al, 2020). For the second group, some studies attempted to integrate the medical resource to ensure that the medical services and data are more accessible (Gong et al, 2020;Liu et al, 2018;Tian et al, 2020;Zhang et al, 2017), while other were designed for helping the epidemics (i.e., COVID) governance and information sharing (Fan et al, 2017;Hasan et al, 2021;Wu & Shan, 2021;Dai et al, 2021) and chronic disease care (Sun et al, 2013). Unfortunately, there are still some areas waiting to be improved from the process's perspective, including the unequally distributed medical resources between different ranked hospitals, the medical information leakage and low utilization, and the lack of proper control and environment for the management of medical data quality, preservation, and integration.…”