Identifying elderly people at risk for cognitive decline by using the 2-step test

Abstract

[Purpose] The purpose is to verify the effectiveness of the 2-step test in predicting cognitive decline in elderly individuals. [Subjects and Methods] One hundred eighty-two participants aged over 65 years underwent the 2-step test, cognitive function tests and higher level competence testing. Participants were classified as Robust, <1.3, and <1.1 using criteria regarding the locomotive syndrome risk stage for the 2-step test, variables were compared between groups. In addition, ordered logistic analysis was used to analyze cognitive functions as independent variables in the three groups, using the 2-step test results as the dependent variable, with age, gender, etc. as adjustment factors. [Results] In the crude data, the <1.3 and <1.1 groups were older and displayed lower motor and cognitive functions than did the Robust group. Furthermore, the <1.3 group exhibited significantly lower memory retention than did the Robust group. The 2-step test was related to the Stroop test (β: 0.06, 95% confidence interval: 0.01–0.12). [Conclusion] The finding is that the risk stage of the 2-step test is related to cognitive functions, even at an initial risk stage. The 2-step test may help with earlier detection and implementation of prevention measures for locomotive syndrome and mild cognitive impairment.

Assessment of locomotive syndrome among older individuals: a confirmatory factor analysis of the 25-question Geriatric Locomotive Function Scale

“…Although our results did not theoretically discriminate among the 3 factors completely without cross-loading and residual correlations, it would potentially be able to assist clinical physicians in understanding the concept of LS (pain, movement-related difficulty and psycho-social complication) because these factors fundamentally contribute to the concept of LS and are closely linked with each other. Moreover, previous studies also reported relationships between musculoskeletal pain (Hirano et al, 2014;Iizuka et al, 2015;Imagama et al, 2017;Kimachi et al, 2019), movement-related difficulty or functional decline (Akai et al, 2016;Iwaya et al, 2017;Izawa et al, 2019;Muramoto et al, 2012;Yoshimura et al, 2011), and psycho-social complication (Ikemoto et al, 2016;Nakamura et al, 2017aNakamura et al, , 2017bMaruya et al, 2018) and LS. Thus, it seems reasonable to discriminate among these 3 dimensions when assessing LS during clinical practice.…”

Improvement of Attention, Executive Functions, and Processing Speed in Elderly Women as a Result of Involvement in the Nordic Walking Training Program and Vitamin D Supplementation

“…The decline is most often observed in domains such as processing speed, reasoning, memory, and executive functions [8]. Certain factors (including lifestyle and personality) may accelerate or slow down the processes associated with these changes (see References [3,9,10]); a sparse social group and loneliness are considered risk factors (e.g., Reference [11]).…”

Effect of home-based high-intensity interval training and behavioural modification using information and communication technology on cardiorespiratory fitness and exercise habits among sedentary breast cancer survivors: habit-B study protocol for a randomised controlled trial

“…Lifting the heels and standing on tiptoe is allowed. The two-step test will also be performed 35. This test comprehensively assesses ability to walk, including leg strength, balance and flexibility.…”