“…A teacher can use the shape of profiles to adapt instruction through mixed or homogeneous ability grouping, mode of presentation, or selection of learning supports (Corno, 1995;Lohman & Hagen, 2001b). Learning and Individual Differences 22 (2012) Rapidly increasing numbers of English-language learner (ELL) students in the U.S. (Federal Interagency Forum on Child & Family Statistics, 2011) has led to concern that the cognitive ability tests used by many schools are too sensitive to language proficiency and educational background to be valid in diverse classrooms (Ford, Grantham, & Whiting, 2008;Harris, Rapp, Martinez, & Plucker, 2007;Ortiz & Dynda, 2005). In particular, there is concern that using languagebased assessments of reasoning abilities leads to bias and underestimation of the aptitudes of ELL students (Lewis, 2001).…”