Identifying Key Biomarkers and Immune Infiltration in Female Patients with Ischemic Stroke Based on Weighted Gene Co-Expression Network Analysis

Abstract

Stroke is one of the leading causes of death and disability worldwide. Evidence shows that ischemic stroke (IS) accounts for nearly 80 percent of all strokes and that the etiology, risk factors, and prognosis of this disease differ by gender. Female patients may bear a greater burden than male patients. The immune system may play an important role in the pathophysiology of females with IS. Therefore, it is critical to investigate the key biomarkers and immune infiltration of female IS patients to develop effective treatment methods. Herein, we used weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) to determine the key modules and core genes in female IS patients using the GSE22255, GSE37587, and GSE16561 datasets from the GEO database. Subsequently, we performed functional enrichment analysis and built a protein-protein interaction (PPI) network. Ten genes were selected as the true central genes for further investigation. After that, we explored the specific molecular and biological functions of these hub genes to gain a better understanding of the underlying pathogenesis of female IS patients. Moreover, the “Cell type Identification by Estimating Relative Subsets of RNA Transcripts (CIBERSORT)” was used to examine the distribution pattern of immune subtypes in female patients with IS and normal controls, revealing a new potential target for clinical treatment of the disease.

The Binding Specificity of PAB1 with Poly(A) mRNA, Regulated by Its Structural Folding

“…PABPC1 has been shown to perform crucial roles in cancer and autoimmune diseases (ADs). Particularly, induced neoantigen production may lead to immune cell infiltration in the ADs, whereas in cancer cells, there is a lack of immune cell activation [ 11 , 27 ]. Deletion of PABPC1 protein in cancer cells could significantly increase the production of novel peptide read-through [ 11 , 12 , 13 ].…”

“…Deletion of PABPC1 protein in cancer cells could significantly increase the production of novel peptide read-through [ 11 , 12 , 13 ]. Moreover, the weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) over microarray samples collected from ischemic stroke (IS) females revealed the expression profile of different genes, including the PABPC1 protein [ 27 ]. It has been proposed that in IS patients, a set of genes are linked to T cells, macrophages, NK cells, and neutrophils.…”

“…It has been proposed that in IS patients, a set of genes are linked to T cells, macrophages, NK cells, and neutrophils. In the samples studied by Haipeng et al [ 27 ], it was demonstrated that the primary immune-infiltrating cells were neutrophils, resting NK cells, macrophages, and CD8 T cells. In particular, NK cells (large granular lymphocytes needed for IS immunosurveillance) blocking CD8 T cell activation were found regulating cellular immune response.…”

Artificial Intelligence for Diagnosing Acute Stroke: A 25-Year Retrospective (Preprint)

“…It can result in either the interruption of blood supply to the brain or the rupture of brain vessels, leading to damage to brain tissue. Ischemic strokes account for about 80% of all strokes, while hemorrhagic strokes make up about 20% [4]. Ischemic stroke is caused by reduced blood flow or blockage in the cerebral vessels, leading to oxygen and blood deprivation in brain tissue, while hemorrhagic stroke results from bleeding due to rupture of cerebral vessels.…”

Identification of Differentially Expressed microRNAs Associated with Ischemic Stroke by Integrated Bioinformatics Approaches

“…Ischemic stroke (IS) is one of the leading causes of disability and mortality worldwide and accounts for 80% of all strokes [ 1 ]. Intravenous thrombolysis is the only approved treatment strategy for acute IS by FDA [ 2 ].…”