“…According to the number of mutated bases, genomic variations have been classified as: 1) single-nucleotide variations (formerly single-nucleotide polymorphisms); 2) very short insertions and deletions, usually less than 50 bp; and 3) structural variations, usually longer than 50 bp (Genome structural variati, 2011). Gene mutations are known to be closely related to the occurrence and development of diseases ( Hunt et al, 2014 ; Alkan et al, 2011 ; Yin et al, 2020 ; Fang et al, 2019 ; Li et al, 2020a ; He et al, 2020 ; Zhang et al, 2020a ; Zhang et al, 2016 ; Hu et al, 2021 ; Hu et al, 1990 ; Hu et al, 2020 ). High-throughput sequencing technologies have allowed the mutations in the genomes of patients with particular diseases to be determined systematically, quickly and accurately, including common but less studied synonymous mutations in the coding regions of genomes ( Meyerson et al, 2010 ; Li et al, 2017 ; Cheng et al, 2018 ; Zhou et al, 2019 ).…”