IntroductionRiver systems and marshes attract migratory birds and often become major migratory corridors for many bird species (Berthold, 2001;Tourenq et al., 2001). Natural riverbeds with sandy islands, sandbanks, and muddy banks are ideal habitats for migrating waterbirds (Bocheński et al., 2006). These habitat types play an important role for migrating birds, especially in arid zones of Central Asia. The Amu-Darya and Syr-Darya rivers, within the Aral Sea basin, encompass a broad spatial overlap between the East Asian, Central Asian, and Eurasian-African flyways (Iverson et al., 2011). However, the extensive wetland habitats in the Aral Sea basin are under threat as a result of agricultural irrigation, mainly for cotton production, which is leading to ecological impacts on an unparalleled scale (Kreuzberg-Mukhina, 2006a). Furthermore, the climate changes noted in Central Asia additionally aggravate the ecological problems in this region (Kreuzberg-Mukhina, 2006b). It is necessary to coordinate development activities with a comprehensive water policy that includes the use of watersaving technologies and conservation of water resources. When considering regional climate scenarios, the regional hydrological model has shown that the discharge from the Amu-Darya River is expected to decrease over time (Agal'tseva et al., 2011). Large-scale water withdrawals from the Amu-Darya and Syr-Darya rivers, and the expected climate warming, will have further negative consequences for wetland ecosystems and the migrating status of many bird species (Kreuzberg-Mukhina, 2006b). Therefore, it is important to monitor waterbird populations in the Aral Sea basin and to understand how water withdrawals and climate change may impact future migratory patterns (Kingsford, 2000).Waterbirds represent different guilds and can be used as indicators of environmental change at a variety of spatial and temporal scales (Kushlan, 1993;Paillisson et al., 2002;Mistry et al., 2008;Everard and Noble, 2010). Assemblages of waterbirds are influenced by the hydrological and ecological conditions of catchments, especially in arid zones (Kingsford et al., 2004;Reid et al., 2013). The Aral Sea basin wetlands are considered very important due to their high diversity of inland waterbird species and attractive habitats (Kreuzberg-Mukhina, 2006a;Williamson et al., 2013). Recent studies have focused attention on Abstract: Natural riverbeds in arid regions of Central Asia play an important role in waterbird migration. However, agricultural irrigation in the Aral Sea basin, in combination with climate change, is leading to wetland habitat loss. In this study, we consider the importance of the 2 largest river systems in this region during postbreeding movements and compare waterbird assemblages in relation to habitat parameters between the Amu-Darya and Syr-Darya rivers. In the second half of August 2011, we counted waterbirds along 125 and 106 km of the Amu-Darya and Syr-Darya rivers, respectively. Both rivers showed a high similarity of richness indices. Analy...