“…Developmental studies show that perceptual categorization develops during the first months of life (Mandler, 2004), and multiple neuroimaging studies have reported differential activation for stimuli from different semantic domains (Mahon & Caramazza, 2009;Gerlach, 2007;Martin & Chao, 2001;Chao & Martin, 2000;Chao, Haxby, & Martin, 1999;Caramazza & Shelton, 1998;Martin, Wiggs, Ungerleider, & Haxby, 1996;Perani et al, 1995). More recent research has demonstrated that the semantic category or entity of an object can be successfully predicted from neural activity patterns when the object is presented visually (Murphy et al, 2011;Reddy & Kanwisher, 2007;Haynes & Rees, 2006;Kamitani & Tong, 2005;Cox & Savoy, 2003;Haxby et al, 2001) or orthographically (Simanova, Hagoort, Oostenveld, & van Gerven, 2014;Chan, Halgren, Marinkovic, & Cash, 2011;Murphy et al, 2011;Shinkareva, Malave, Mason, Mitchell, & Just, 2011;Simanova, van Gerven, Oostenveld, & Hagoort, 2010). It can be argued, however, that the use of visual or orthographical stimuli in these tasks introduce confounding visual or phonological effects related to semantic retrieval (Hwang, Palmer, Basho, Zadra, & Müller, 2009).…”