“…Allu-Kangkum (2021) highlights some key challenges for architecture schools in adapting to online learning environments, which include lack of hands-on experience, difficulty in replicating studio culture, limited access to specialized software and equipment, challenges in delivering design critiques and feedback, inadequate internet connectivity and infrastructure, social isolation and lack of interaction, challenges in assessing design work, and inadequate electricity supply and internet/data affordability in developing countries. Cho (2023) notes that depending on their experience in physical classrooms, first-and second-year architecture students had significantly distainct remote learning experiences than third-to fifth-year students (Cho, Lee & Kim, 2023).…”