Identifying reduced-form relations with panel data: The case of pollution and income

Revisiting sulfur Kuznets curves with endogenous breaks modeling: Substantial evidence of inverted-Us/Vs for individual OECD countries

“…Besides producing contrary results, the EKC literature has been criticized along several lines (e.g., Stern 2004;Wagner 2008;Vollebergh et al, 2009;Carson 2010). Hence, in this brief review we discuss what we surmise is the state of the art in EKC/sulfur emissions-income modeling.…”

“…Indeed, the earliest EKC papers considered either sulfur emissions or concentrations, and those papers often estimated within-sample income turning points (Grossman and Krueger 1991;Shafik 1994;Selden and Song 1994). However, more recent work (Stern and Common 2001;Perman and Stern 2003;Wagner 2008;Vollebergh et al 2009;and Stern 2010) has called into question those earlier results by rejecting an inverted-U relationship between sulfur emissions and income, despite that Stern (2006) noted a decline in the global trend of sulfur emissions. This paper contributes to the sulfur Kuznets curve literature by examining the incomesulfur emissions relationship individually for 25 OECD countries using endogenous breaks modeling.…”

Teleworking Effect on Traffic and Air Pollution

“…A similar explanation can be given for the education level and age, where the older, more educated and more experienced workers are more likely to telework. Income is an important factor, according to the environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) hypothesis, where the air quality is deteriorated up to a certain point and after this point is improved Krueger, 1991, 1995;Panayotou, 1997;Selden and Song, 2004;Vollebergh et al, 2009;Giovanis and Ozdamar, 2016;Sinha andBhattacharya, 2016, 2017). Household size and marital status can be related to traffic, as larger households may make more use of transportation leading to higher levels of air pollution.…”

“…Furthermore, there is no detailed recording for other pollutants in every monitoring station and along the period examined, including P b , Z n and NO 3 -. For example the studies by Krueger (1991, 1995), Panayotou (1997), Selden and Song (2004), Vollebergh et al (2009), Giovanis and Ozdamar (2016), Sinha andBhattacharya (2016, 2017), include income and population density as main factors of air pollution. Since our variables are based on individual and household level, household size is used as a proxy for the population density, as we have mapped the air pollution on municipality level.…”

“…This suggests that as the income is increased, the income inequality initially is increased as well up to a certain point and thereafter pollution starts to decline. The majority of the studies exploited panel data based on country level and they found that the EKC hypothesis holds Krueger, 1991, 1995;Panayotou, 1997;Selden and Song, 2004;Vollebergh et al, 2009;Giovanis, 2013;Bölük and Mert, 2014;Giovanis and Ozdamar, 2016;Sinha, 2006;Sinha and Sudipta, 2016Sinha and Bhattacharya, 2016, 2017. Thus, the correlation standalone is not enough to reveal the relationship between income and pollution, where a quadratic relationship between air pollution and income may be present.…”