“…In more detail, the study results show that the leading causes of these crashes are related to human error (i.e., speeding, drink-driving, inattentive driving behavior, lacking skill for using ADAS), environmental problem (i.e., lack of horizontal curve warning systems, travel lanes are too narrow, substandard curve) and vehicle issue (i.e., vehicles in the crash is without ADAS, or it equipped with the ADAS; however, it is turned off by the driver or work improperly). These findings can be supported by previous studies on the causes of the roadway departure crash [4,[24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33]. These studies revealed the causes leading to the roadway departure crash are human errors (i.e., distracted drivers, drowsy drivers, speeding, aggressive driving, driver error, high mental workload, fatigue, inattention, traveling too fast through a curve, alcohol / drug involvement, young / novice drivers, driver condition (e.g., inattentive, distracted, illness / fatigued / asleep)) and environmental problem (i.e., cloudy weather conditions, standing water on the roadway, travel lanes that are too narrow, substandard curves, bad pavement condition, improper shoulder width, improper lateral clearance, improper side slope condition, and construction zones).…”