Identifying the gender of PCT inventors

Martínez, Gema Lax; Raffo, Júlio; Saito, Kaori

doi:10.2139/ssrn.4434107

Cited by 2 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 28 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…The vast majority of named inventors on patents are male. Data from the international filing system (through the Patent Cooperation Treaty (PCT)) (Lax Martinez, Raffo and Saito, 2016;UKIPO, 2019: 14-18;Frietsch et al, 2009), European Patent Office (EPO) (Naldi et al, 2005;Giuri et al, 2007Giuri et al, : 1111European Studies on Gender Aspects of Inventions, 2009;Kugele, 2010: 134-135), and the United States (USPTO, 2019;Sugimoto et al, 2015: 5;Ding, Murray and Stuart, 2006;Mill et al, 2016) reflect the same sharp trends. To illustrate, in the US in 2016, only 21 per cent of patents named a female inventor, and only 12 per cent of all inventors were female (USPTO, 2019: 3).…”

Section: The Gendered Patentmentioning

confidence: 94%

“…If a female inventor is named, this tends to be among a group of male inventors (Lax Martinez, Raffo and Saito, 2016: 8;Naldi et al, 2005: 299-314;USPTO, 2019: 12;European Studies on Gender Aspects of Inventions, 2009), and they are seldom listed as first inventor (Ashcraft and Breitzman, 2012: 9). Only a small percentage of patented inventions have solely female inventors, whether as individuals or teams (Lax Martinez, Raffo and Saito, 2016;Naldi et al, 2005: 307;Meng and Shapira, 2011: 34;McMillan, 2009: 686). Females also tend to work in larger teams than males (USPTO, 2019: 11-12).…”

Section: The Gendered Patentmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

The Role of Patents as a Gendered Chameleon

Lai

2023

SSRN Journal

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Section: The Gendered Patentmentioning

confidence: 94%

Section: The Gendered Patentmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Role of Patents as a Gendered Chameleon

Lai

2023

SSRN Journal

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

“…However, we believe that even if we had the gender ground truth, our results would not change significantly given two reasons: (1) diversity increases in other variables, thus is likely to have an increase also in gender; and (2) the WGND 2 usability, thus is the closest that we have to ground truth and it has been used in research elsewhere, providing a powerful tool with no systematic biases. Additionally, this tool has been used in other studies (40)(41)(42)(43)(44)(45). The use of an automated process to collect data also has potential limitations.…”

Section: Strengths and Limitationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Geographical and Gender Diversity in Cochrane and non-Cochrane Reviews Authorship: A Meta-Research Study

Sofi-Mahmudi,

Stojanova,

Vounzoulaki

et al. 2024

Preprint

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Background: Cochrane is a recognized source of quality evidence that informs health-related decisions. As an organization, it represents a global network of diverse stakeholders. Cochrane's key organizational values include diversity and inclusion, to enable wide participation and promote access. However, the diversity of Cochrane review authorship has not been well summarized. Objective: The aim of this study was to examine the distribution of country, region, language, and gender diversity in the authorship of Cochrane reviews. Methods: We retrieved all published articles from the Cochrane Library (until November 6, 2023)-a web crawling technique that extracted pre-specified data fields, including publication date, review type, and author affiliations. We used E-utility calls to capture the data for non-Cochrane systematic reviews. We determined the country and region of affiliations and the gender of the first, corresponding, and last authors for Cochrane reviews, as well as the country and region of affiliations and the gender of the first authors for non-Cochrane reviews. Trends in geographical and gender diversity over time were evaluated using logistic regression. Fisher's exact test was used for comparisons. The diversity of first authors between Cochrane and non-Cochrane reviews was explored through visual presentation, Pearson's product-moment correlation, and the Granger Causality Test. We used R for data collection and analysis. Results: A total of 22681 citations were retrieved. The United Kingdom had the highest first-author representation (33.2%), followed by Australia (11.6%) and the United States (7.0%). We observed an increase in the proportion of first authors from non-English speaking countries, from 16.7% in 1996 to 42.8% in 2023. Female first authorship increased steadily, from 15.0% in 1996 to 55.6% in 2023. The proportion of first authors from lower-and-middle-income countries (LMICs) was highest in 2012 at 23.2%. Since then, it has decreased to 18.4% in 2023. Similarly, the proportion of last authors from LMICs decreased over time (25.0% in 1996 vs. 16.2% in 2023). Among review groups, Sexually Transmitted Infections and Consumers and Communication were the most and least diverse groups with 68.1% and 1.6% of first authors from LMICs, respectively. In terms of gender diversity, Fertility Regulation had the highest percentage of female first authors (72.1%). Urology (28.1%) had the lowest percentage of female first authors. In 2023, over half of the non-Cochrane reviews had first authors from non-English-speaking countries (n=14,589, 56.9%), 50.8% (n=13,014) had first authors from LMICs, and 42.3% (n=10,841) had female first authors. The Pearson's product-moment correlations between Cochrane and non-Cochrane reviews' trends were 0.265 (P=0.450) for LMICs, 0.823 (P<0.001) for non-English speaking, 0.634 (P<0.001) Spanish-speaking, and 0.829 (P<0.001) for female first authorship. Conclusion: Overall, this study found positive trends, with an increase in first authorship by individuals who were female and from non-English speaking countries. However, the representation of first authors from non-high-income countries decreased. Future research could further explore these trends, identifying potential barriers influencing access and participation of individuals and groups and assessing strategies that help promote diversity and inclusion.

show abstract

Identifying the gender of PCT inventors

Cited by 2 publications

References 28 publications

The Role of Patents as a Gendered Chameleon

The Role of Patents as a Gendered Chameleon

Geographical and Gender Diversity in Cochrane and non-Cochrane Reviews Authorship: A Meta-Research Study

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About