“…Ericksen and Schultheiss (2009) identified that the five theories applied to women's choice of career in trades and construction in the literature are: (i) Holland's (1997) theory of vocational personality and work environment; (ii) social cognitive career theory (Lent, Brown and Hackett 1994); (iii) Super's (1957) life span development theory; (iv) Gottfredson's (1996) theory of circumscription and compromise; and (v) Krumboltz's (1994) social learning theory. For empirical investigations, it is noted that authors have begun to focus on female students in CM undergraduate degree program (e.g., Koch, Greenan and Newton, 2009;Adogbo, Ibrahim and Ibrahim, 2015;Bigelow et al 2015;Escamilla, Ostadalimakhmalbaf and Bigelow, 2016). Oo, Li and Zhang (2018) claimed that this shift in focus can be partly explained by the reported high proportion of female CM graduates who decided not to enter the industry upon graduation (Bennett, Davidson and Galeand, 1999;Ling and Poh, 2004); and the difficulties in recruitment of young graduates into the construction industry in different countries (Ling and Ho, 2013;Ling, Leow and Lee, 2016).…”